Evidence for the plant recruitment of beneficial microbes to suppress soil‐borne pathogens
Hongwei LiuJiayu LiLília C. CarvalhaisCassandra PercyJay Prakash VermaPeer M. SchenkBrajesh K. Singh
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Summary An emerging experimental framework suggests that plants under biotic stress may actively seek help from soil microbes, but empirical evidence underlying such a ‘cry for help’ strategy is limited. We used integrated microbial community profiling, pathogen and plant transcriptive gene quantification and culture‐based methods to systematically investigate a three‐way interaction between the wheat plant, wheat‐associated microbiomes and Fusarium pseudograminearum ( Fp ). A clear enrichment of a dominant bacterium, Stenotrophomonas rhizophila (SR80), was observed in both the rhizosphere and root endosphere of Fp‐ infected wheat. SR80 reached 3.7 × 10 7 cells g −1 in the rhizosphere and accounted for up to 11.4% of the microbes in the root endosphere. Its abundance had a positive linear correlation with the pathogen load at base stems and expression of multiple defence genes in top leaves. Upon re‐introduction in soils, SR80 enhanced plant growth, both the below‐ground and above‐ground, and induced strong disease resistance by boosting plant defence in the above‐ground plant parts, but only when the pathogen was present. Together, the bacterium SR80 seems to have acted as an early warning system for plant defence. This work provides novel evidence for the potential protection of plants against pathogens by an enriched beneficial microbe via modulation of the plant immune system.Keywords:
Stenotrophomonas
The soybean rhizosphere has a specific microbial community, but the differences in microbial community structure between different soybean genotypes have not been explained. The present study analyzed the structure of the rhizosphere microbial community in three soybean genotypes. Differences in rhizosphere microbial communities between different soybean genotypes were verified using diversity testing and community composition, and each genotype had a specific rhizosphere microbial community composition. Co-occurrence network analysis found that different genotype plant hosts had different rhizosphere microbial networks. The relationship between rhizobia and rhizosphere microorganisms in the network also exhibited significant differences between different genotype plant hosts. The ecological function prediction found that different genotypes of soybean recruited the specific rhizosphere microbial community. These results demonstrated that soybean genotype regulated rhizosphere microbial community structure differences. The study provides a reference and theoretical support for developing soybean microbial inoculum in the future.
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To assess the responses of the soil microbial community to chronic ozone（O3）, wheat seedlings（Triticum aestivum Linn.） were planted in the field and exposed to elevated O3（e O3）concentration. Three treatments were employed:（1） Control treatment（CK）, AOT40 = 0;（2） O3-1, AOT40 = 1.59 ppm·h;（3） O3-2, AOT40 = 9.17 ppm·h. Soil samples were collected for the assessment of microbial biomass C, community-level physiological profiles（CLPPs）, and phospholipid fatty acids（PLFAs）. EO3 concentration significantly reduced soil microbial carbon and changed microbial CLPPs in rhizosphere soil, but not in non-rhizosphere soil.The results of the PLFAs showed that e O3 concentrations had significant effects on soil community structure in both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils. The relative abundances of fungal and actinomycetous indicator PLFAs decreased in both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, while those of bacterial PLFAs increased. Thus the results proved that e O3 concentration significantly changed the soil microbial community function and composition, which would influence the soil nutrient supply and carbon dynamics under O3 exposure.
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Sphingomonas
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Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
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Xanthomonas
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Collect rhizosphere soil sample from 7 different region in China, then obtain 1700 rhizosphere bacteria through separate bacteria from different soil sample. In vitro, evaluate the bioactivity of rhizosphere bacteria against five varieties pathogenic bacteria. At last, we obtain 840 rhizosphere bacteria against pathogenic bacteria. Only 10% rhizosphere bacteria had bioactivity against all of the 5 pathogenic bacteria, the others had not the character. These 840 rhizosphere bacteria as resource, screen the bioactivity against the wheat powder mildew. The best control effect against the wheat powder mildew achieve 60%. Select the rhizosphere bacteria have bioactivity against patho- genic bacteria and the wheat powder mildew as farther research object.
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We investigated the effects of two different plant species (corn and soybean) and three different soil types on microbial community structure in the rhizosphere. Our working hypothesis was that the rhizosphere effect would be strongest on fast-growing aerobic heterotrophs, while there would be little or no rhizosphere effect on oligotrophic and other slow-growing microorganisms. Culturable bacteria and fungi had larger population densities in the rhizosphere than in bulk soil. Communities were characterized by soil fatty acid analysis and by substrate utilization assays for bacteria and fungi. Fatty acid analysis revealed a very strong soil effect but little plant effect on the microbial community, indicating that the overall microbial community structure was not affected by the rhizosphere. There was a strong rhizosphere effect detected by the substrate utilization assay for fast-growing aerobic heterotrophic bacterial community structure, with soil controls and rhizosphere samples clearly distinguished from each other. There was a much weaker rhizosphere effect on fungal communities than on bacterial communities as measured by the substrate utilization assays. At this coarse level of community analysis, the rhizosphere microbial community was impacted most by soil effects, and the rhizosphere only affected a small portion of the total bacteria.Key words: rhizosphere, microbial community, fatty acid, substrate utilization.
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Soil microbiology
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Nematocidal bacteria were screened and isolated from Baotianman's forest soil sample of Nanyang,Henan.Based on the model of killing effect on Caenorhabditis elegans,three bacteria were selected from 128 strains of bacteria,which had high activity of killing nematodes and were separately numbered B,C,D.When they treated with nematodes for 24 h,the mortalities of nematodes were 20%,25% and 97%.However,the mortality of nematodes could be greatly improved when B and C interacted with nematodes together,which indicated that the two bacteria killed nematodes synergistically.The morphological characteristics of the bacteria were analyzed through Gram stain.The 16S rDNA sequences of the bacteria were obtained by PCR.The results of the molecular identifications of the three bacteria were as follows: strain B had high homologous with Bacillus subtilis strain xfchu2(96.46%);strain C had high homologous with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain QT24(92.75%);strain D had high homologous with Pseudomonas fluorscen.
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