Changing nutrient cycling in Lake Baikal, the world’s oldest lake
George E. A. SwannVirginia N. PanizzoSebastiano PiccolroazVanessa PashleyMatthew HorstwoodSarah RobertsE. G. VologinaNatalia PiotrowskaMichael SturmA. A. ZhdanovNikolay GraninCharlotte NormanSuzanne McGowanAnson W. Mackay
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Abstract:
Significance Lake Baikal (Siberia) is the world’s oldest and deepest lake and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Containing an exceptionally high level of biodiversity and endemism, in addition to a fifth of global freshwater not stored in ice sheets, the lake has been cited by UNESCO as the “most outstanding example of a freshwater ecosystem.” Using geochemical and climate data, we demonstrate that rates of nutrient supply to the lake’s photic zone have risen to unprecedented levels in the last 2,000 y through the 20th and 21st centuries. Linked to increases in wind speed enhancing deep ventilation, we show that these changes are capable of altering lake primary production and community dynamics, including the balance between endemic and cosmopolitan species.Keywords:
Endemism
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Aquatic ecosystems have been fertile ground for understanding the extent to which animals can alter nutrient cycling. Although animals have been included in ecosystem models for years (for example, Teal, 1962), it is only more recently that investigators have looked at animals, either as individuals, single species, or assemblages, as agents regulating nutrient cycling (Kitchell et al., 1979; Meyer, Schultz & Helfman, 1983; Grimm, 1988; Jones & Lawton, 1995). A recent review details how animals can affect nutrient cycling in freshwater ecosystems (Vanni, 2002), but the next step is to understand the controls on which animals are important regulators of nutrient dynamics in ecosystems. One controlling factor is determined by attributes of the animals themselves, such as their body size.
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▪ Abstract Animals are important in nutrient cycling in freshwater ecosystems. Via excretory processes, animals can supply nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) at rates comparable to major nutrient sources, and nutrient cycling by animals can support a substantial proportion of the nutrient demands of primary producers. In addition, animals may exert strong impacts on the species composition of primary producers via effects on nutrient supply rates and ratios. Animals can either recycle nutrients within a habitat, or translocate nutrients across habitats or ecosystems. Nutrient translocation by relatively large animals may be particularly important for stimulating new primary production and for increasing nutrient standing stocks in recipient habitats. Animals also have numerous indirect effects on nutrient fluxes via effects on their prey or by modification of the physical environment. Future studies must quantify how the importance of animal-mediated nutrient cycling varies among taxa and along environmental gradients such as ecosystem size and productivity.
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Abstract Nutrient concentrations within aquatic ecosystems have increased markedly during the last fifty years due to a variety of causes. Significant changes to the rates of nutrient cycling, particularly of nitrogen and phosphorus, have influenced their biological availability on a global scale. Three broad groupings of processes that directly influence nutrient cycling within freshwaters are described. Retention modifies the availability of nutrients for transport, while selectivity between individual chemical species results in preferential uptake and/or transport, and finally transformation processes alter the physical state or reactivity of particular nutrients. Differences in spatial and temporal dynamics of delivery and transport mechanisms among individual nutrients have caused variable relative changes in nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and fluxes. These composite dynamic factors make it difficult to couple causal relationships between nutrient sources and their impacts.
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Studied nutrient distribution,nutrient storage,and annual nutrients uptake in different parts of trees and concluded that nutrients vary in leaves of different mature state and in bark and wood.Internal cycling of N,P,K indicates the conservation recycling of these nutrients.Large amount of nutrients stored in this population indicate which play an important role in the forest.The turnover time of N,P,K,Ca,Mg in the population is 121,131,188,122 and 1904 year respectively.
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