Biodiversity regulates ecosystem predictability
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Keywords:
Predictability
Global biodiversity
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This chapter focuses on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Ecosystem services can be defined as ‘nature's contributions to people’. They represent the plethora of benefits that humans receive from both natural and managed ecosystems, including things like the production of consumable goods, non-consumable services, and cultural services. We could just as well define ecosystem services as the collection of biological processes that are required to sustain human life and provide a good standard of living on Earth. Despite their indisputable importance, many people do not know about ecosystem services; nor do they understand or appreciate their value. The chapter then looks at the history and types of ecosystem services. It also considers the biotic control of ecosystem services before examining ecosystem markets and payments for ecosystem services.
Ecosystem valuation
Total human ecosystem
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Maintaining and improving ecosystem services in urban areas and human well-being are essential for sustainable development and therefore constitute an important topic in urban ecology. Here we reviewed studies on ecosystem services in urban areas. Based on the concept and classification of urban ecosystem services, we summarized characteristics of urban ecosystem services, including the human domination, high demand of ecosystem services in urban areas, spatial heterogeneity and temporal dynamics of ecosystem services supply and demand in urban areas, multi-services of urban green infrastructures, the socio-economic dimension of ecosystem services supply and ecosystem disservices in urban areas. Among different urban ecosystem services, the regulating service and cultural service are particularly indispensable to benefit human health. We pointed out that tradeoffs among different types of ecosystem services mostly occur between supportive service and cultural service, as well as regulating service and cultural service. In particular, we emphasized the relationship between landscape design (i.e. green infrastructure) and ecosystem services supply. Finally, we discussed current gaps to link urban ecosystem services studies to landscape design and management and pointed out several directions for future research in urban ecosystem services.
Urban ecosystem
Total human ecosystem
Ecosystem Management
Ecosystem valuation
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Aquatic ecosystems play a crucial role in the process of human society development. Owing to the interference of human activities,health status of the most aquatic ecosystems was seriously threatened. On the basis of in-depth investigation of water quality and the ecological status of aquatic ecosystems in Dianchi Lake Basin,this study by using AHP method constructed a composite index system reflecting chemical integrity and aquatic biota integrity of the ecosystem. A composite health assessment indicator was calculated to assess comprehensively the aquatic ecosystem health status of Dianchi Lake Basin. The results showed that the health status of overall aquatic system was at a low level but varied among different parts of the watershed,i. e.the upper watersheds was good,the central part was moderate,while the lower part was moderate to very poor. The Dianchi Lake itself was at poor health condition,especially the north part( Caohai),while the health condition was better in rivers and reservoirs,but the differences between rivers and reservoirs was not significant. This study also indicated that the biological status was the major constraint contributing to the poor health status of the aquatic ecosystem of Dianchi Lake Basin.
Biota
Lake ecosystem
Ecological health
Freshwater ecosystem
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Total human ecosystem
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Although the concept of ecosystem services has been in use for many decades, its application for policy support is limited, particularly with respect to marine ecosystems. Gaps in the assessments of ecosystem services supply prevent its empirical application. We advance these assessments by providing an assessment tool, which links marine ecosystem components, functions and services, and graphically represents the assessment process and its results. The tool consists of two parts: (i) a matrix following the ecosystem services cascade structure for quantifying the contribution of ecosystem components in the provision of ecosystem services; (ii) and a linkage diagram for visualising the interactions between the elements. With the aid of the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES), the tool was used to assess the relative contribution of a wide range of marine ecosystem components in the supply of ecosystem services in the Latvian marine waters. Results indicate that the tool can be used to assess the impacts of environmental degradation in terms of ecosystem service supply. These impacts could further be valued in socioeconomic terms, as change in the socioeconomic values derived from the use of ecosystem services. The tool provides an opportunity for conducting a holistic assessment of the ecosystem service supply and communicating the results to marine spatial planning practitioners, and increasing their understanding and use of the ecosystem service concept.
Ecosystem valuation
Total human ecosystem
Marine ecosystem
Ecosystem-Based Management
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Biome
Total human ecosystem
Ecosystem Management
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Abstract Ecosystem services have been extensively studied in recent years. As a component of ecosystem services, regulating ecosystem services play an important role in promoting and maintaining liveable and resilient cities. There is a strong relationship between formulation of urban planning and regulating ecosystem services. A clear understanding is required to identify the indicators of regulating ecosystem services to be considered in spatial and development planning documents. Surabaya as the second largest city in Indonesia has very high dynamics of land use and environmental changes due to its rapid development. This aim of this study is to assess the regulating ecosystem services in Surabaya City. The specific objectives are to identify the indicators of regulating ecosystem services, to assess the regulating ecosystem services and to provide maps of the spatial distribution, and to calculate the composite index of regulating ecosystem services. Eight indicators of regulating ecosystem services were used in this study, namely climate regulation, water regulation, drought prevention and flood control (R2), prevention and protection from natural disasters, water purification, waste management and decomposition, air quality, natural pollination, and pest and disease control. The results show that the ecosystem service index in Surabaya City has medium score.
Ecosystem Management
Urban ecosystem
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Total human ecosystem
Ecosystem Management
Ecosystem valuation
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Since the publication of Costanza's famous article in Nature in 1997,evaluation of ecosystem services has been one of the hottest and most debated issues in the field of ecology and ecological economics.It distinguish between ecosystem functions and ecosystem services,founded that,more Concerned about the integrity of ecosystems and more ignoring the interactions between ecosystem elements,in order that,there was many risk in the evaluation of ecosystem services,our study should concerned the dynamic analysis of space-time on ecosystem services,on the basis of Combined with mathematical models and understanding of complex ecological mechanisms of ecosystem,we also attach importance to ecosystem services how to feedback the disturbance of the climate change,economic development,environmental pollution,urbanization and human activities,overgrazing and excessive cultivation caused soil erosion,environmental degradation,desertification,land use change and so on,Further analysis and prediction of ecosystem services and the response of the profit and loss;through long-term experiments monitoring,we must revealed relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem,measured the marginal benefit of land use and environmental change on biodiversity and resilience values of biodiversity On ecosystem services to achieve the precise valuation of ecosystem services.The effect of human well-being on ecosystem services particularly in the poor areas and ecologically fragile areas should be pay close attention,most of all,we should focused on the study of poverty reduced,in order to Establish a ecosystem payment mechanism,achieve sustainable development.
Ecosystem valuation
Total human ecosystem
Desertification
Ecosystem Management
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Biodiversity has long been the main objectives in conservation planning while protecting ecosystem services are rarely concerned with (Archibald et al., 2021). Protecting ecosystem services are gradually recognized by researchers to be included in conservation planning as its significant benefits to human beings. Currently, the most commonly used protecting strategies only focused on high-value areas so that not all the valuable areas would be protected (Huber et al., 2023). Furthermore, there are correlation of trade-off and synergy between ecosystem services, aiming at protecting one ecosystem service may have to sacrifice the conservation effectiveness for others. To ensure all the ecosystem services are adequately protected, spatial explicit relations between all the paired ecosystem services were identified via the calculation of Local Moran’s I, a local scale relationship between ecosystem services were defined and they were classified into 5 kinds of cluster. To alleviate the conflict solutions for multiple ecosystem services goals, we used methodology of Systematic Conservation Planning to identify the priority areas for ecosystem service protection, which act the plan with principles of representativeness, complementarity and persistence. By setting scenarios of optimizing each and all the ecosystem services at the target level from 10% to 90%, we found that positive correlation between each of the 4 ecosystem services occupied large areas in the Yangtze River Basin and all the high-value areas were not congruence in spatial distributions. The optimal conservation spatial pattern showed that the priority areas were quite different when the target level was low. Our results implicated that an integrated conservation planning of achieving objectives of all the ecosystem services is more efficient than superposing multiple planning time after time.
Ecosystem Management
Spatial Planning
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