Simulation and Improvements of Oceanic Circulation and Sea Ice by the Coupled Climate System Model FGOALS-f3-L
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Forcing (mathematics)
We determine all (1,1)-knots which admit an essential meridional surface, namely, we give a construction which produces (1,1)-knots having essential meridional surfaces, and show that if a (1,1)-knot admits an essential meridional surface then it comes from the given construction.
Meridional flow
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Abstract Based on observational data, the effects of Central Pacific (CP) El Niño events on the relationship between the Hadley circulation (HC) and tropical sea surface temperature (SST) under different meridional structures are investigated. The variability of HC and SST have been decomposed into equatorially symmetric and asymmetric components to detect their relationship. The explained variances of the equatorially asymmetric and symmetric components of the HC's principal modes both decreased in the CP El Niño events. Compared to climatology, the responses of HC to SST under different meridional structures are suppressed during CP El Niño events. It has been discovered that SST variations in the tropical eastern Pacific (EP) are responsible for the different response of HC to tropical SST. The EP SST anomalies exhibit inhomogeneous variations during CP El Niño events, with a greater amplitude in the north EP, resulting in enhanced variation of the equatorially asymmetric SST. The modulation of the CP El Niño on the relationship between the HC and tropical SST provides evidence for its complex climate effects.
Tropical Eastern Pacific
Hadley cell
Walker circulation
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Meridional x-ray reflections have been recorded for jute fiber of different varieties by the tilted-fiber technique. Hermans' orientation angle and orientation factor have been determined from the equatorial and the meridional (040) reflection. A better agreement is observed between the intensity distributions of the equatorial (002) reflection and the meridional (040) reflection than between the (040) and the composite (101) & (101) reflections.
Reflection
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A crystalline triply bridged molecular gyroscope has been prepared and analyzed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. A convergent synthetic strategy was developed to control the direction of the three bridges, from the preferred two zonal and one meridional arrangement of a one-step cylclization process to the directed three meridional bridges achieved by a north-south desymmetrization.
Desymmetrization
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Meridional flow
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Abstract The connection between the meridional structure of tropical sea surface temperature (SST) and the Hadley circulation (HC) under the effect of ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) from 1950 to 1977 is studied. We decompose the HC and zonal mean SST into equatorially symmetric (HES for HC, SES for SST) and asymmetric variations (HEA for HC, SEA for SST) to discuss the modulation of their connection by ENSO. During El Niño events from 1950 to 1977, the HC is less sensitive to the different SST meridional structures and expressed by response ratio. The ratio in La Niña and neutral events is around 4, which is equivalent to the result in the climatology. The reason for the decreased ratio during El Niño events is explored. The interdecadal variation in the linkage between the HC and tropical SST is due to a clear interdecadal shift in the impacts of ENSO on the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) SST. For the period 1950–1977, when El Niño events occur, larger SST warming amplitude is observed over the northern TIO (0°–15°N, 50°–100°E). However, the southern TIO (15°S–0°, 50°–100°E) shows greater warming amplitude during 1980–2016. The anomalous SST variation over the TIO linked to El Niño events alters the meridional SST distribution, inducing anomalies in the meridional circulation. These results can help us to understand the interdecadal modulation by ENSO of the relationship between tropical SST and the HC.
Hadley cell
Walker circulation
Oscillation (cell signaling)
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Forcing (mathematics)
Predictability
Atmospheric models
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