Determination of Elemental Composition of Soil Samples from Selected Dumpsites in Nasarawa, Kogi and Niger States, Nigeria
John Jiya MusaJeremiah David BalaHassana Ibrahim MustaphaMartins Yusuf OtacheElijah Tsado MusaM. P. AkosY.I . YerimaE. S. Daniel
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The growing dominance of urban environment with heavy metals through natural and anthropogenic depositions and the potentially adverse health implications following environmental contaminations have focused attention on the disposal of municipal and industrial wastes. This study employed analytical procedures to investigate the concentrations of chromium, iron, copper, zinc, manganese and aluminium at the municipal waste dump site of the study areas. Soil samples were randomly collected from different waste dumpsite across Nasarawa, Kogi, and Niger states and an undisturbed soil 100m away from the dumpsites was chosen as the control. From the result obtained, it was observed that the metals in all dumpsite types followed the order: Mn>Fe>Zn>Cu>Cr>Al. Mn had the highest mean concentration which was recorded in Bida, Borgu and Minna in Niger State while Al was the least detected in all the dumpsites with the lowest mean concentrations (5.7±0.96) recorded in Borgu. Mean concentration of all the metals at the dumpsites was higher than at the control which means there is an anthropogenic contribution from the environment. The concentrations of the heavy metals were generally lower than their respective guideline values for the protection of human and environmental health. However, with prolong practice of dumping refuse at these sites; concentrations of the heavy metals may increase above the recommended limits. Therefore, we recommend that further research be carried out on the heavy metals concentration of the waste materials to identify those that are potential sources of soil contamination to suggest appropriate treatment and disposal methods.Keywords:
Soil test
Niger delta
The soil sample along the pollution river was digested with HNO3-HF-HClO4,and then the heavy metal ions in soil were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry.The results showed that when the pH of soil was between 6.97～10.1,the heavy metal content was lower than the tertiary appraisal standard of soil environment quality standard.
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Soil is contaminated with various potentially harmful metals (PTMs). Therefore, the adequate protection of soil from contamination is imperative, as the soil is regarded as the primary cradle for living and environmental balance. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to assess the contamination level by PTMs in Touggourt city, where soil samples have been collected randomly from 18 sites. These sites included manufacturing companies and institutions belonging to the industrial region of Touggourt city. The concentrations of six PTMs - zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and manganese (Mn) were assessed using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) instrument as well as the application of the modern pollution indices such as CF (Contamination Factor), PLI (Pollution Load Index) and EF (Enrichment Factor). The highest values of contamination factor (CF) for Zn, Fe, Co, Cu, and Pb were 0.605, 1.605, 0.277, 0.05, 0.438, and 0.01, respectively, and the highest value of pollution load index (PLI) was 0.139, while the results of enrichment factor (EF) for the Zn, Mn, Co, Cu and Pb metals were 2.608, 0.060, 0.740, 0.122, and 2.358, respectively. According to these pollution indices, the results of this study have indicated that human effects or industrial wastes and traffic, in particular, were the sources of heavy metal contaminating the studied region.
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Environmental Pollution
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This work was carried out to monitor contamination levels of twelve heavy metals (HMs) in the agricultural soils of Kafr El-Zayat city in Egypt. The concentrations of Mg, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sr, and Pb were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Contamination levels were estimated based on various geochemical parameters such as contamination factor (CF), enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), degree of contamination (Cd), and pollution load index (PLI). The results showed that the majority of investigated soil samples were moderately contaminated (1 ≤ CF < 3) with V, Cr, Co, Cu, Zn, and Sr and had low contamination levels (CF <1) with Mg, Mn, Fe, Ni, and Pb. All investigated elements had geo-accumulation indices smaller than zero indicating uncontaminated soil samples except for V which showed (0 < Igeo < 1) indicating uncontaminated to moderate pollution levels. All soil samples were found to have deficient to minimal enrichment for all investigated HMs based on the average values of EF (EF < 2). Cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that HMs were clustered into three groups compromising As and V; Ni, Cr, Mn, Co, Fe, and Mn; and Pb, Cu, Sr, and Zn, which suggests the presence of different sources of pollution. The contribution of anthropogenic sources to V, Cr, Co, Cu, Zn, As, and Sr was estimated to be 45, 30, 26, 11, 23, 27, and 13% of the total metal content, respectively. In general, the investigated agricultural soil samples could be classified as moderately contaminated and polluted based on the Cd factor (Cd = 13.7), and the PLI (PLI = 1.1), respectively.
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The article is devoted to the problems of pollution of a solid waste landfill. Heavy metals are not only pollutants, but also natural micro components of soils. Their contents are caused by the mechanical and chemical composition of the soil breed and also by the nature of soil creating processes. In our article we will estimate extent of pollution by heavy metals of the solid waste landfill “Kuchino” which is located in 7 km to the east from the Moscow. The total area of land branches is –54,5001 hectares. The analysis of the importance of polyelement pollution of soils of a zone of influence of Kuchino solid waste landfill showed that more than 50% of the surveyed points are characterized by the admissible level of total accumulation, dangerous category is noted in 8% of the tested positions, extra dangerous – in 37%. The authors proposed the construction of the system of a beam drainage on solid waste landfill is one of possible ways of decrease in negative impact of heavy metals on the environment.
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The pollution of heavy metal Cd in agricultural soils of Zunyi County,Guizhou Province,was investigated and assessed by using geology accumulation indices(igeo) and pollution index method in this study.Results showed that the average content of Cd is 0.356 mg/kg,and the geochemistry baseline content of Cd was 0.147 mg/kg.The Igeos of Cd was 0.691,which suggested that non-contaminated soil accounts for 13.84%,59.17% of tested soils was between non-polluted and mid-level polluted,21.37% with mid-level polluted and 5.17% was between mid-level polluted and severely polluted,0.45% of which was severely polluted.Contamination degree analysis indicated that non-contaminated soil was only 10.57%,54.44% was influenced by Cd and 34.98% was seriously influenced by Cd.
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The Liwa area is a primary food production area in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and has intensively been used for agriculture. This study investigates the pollution levels with heavy metals in agricultural soils from the Liwa area. Thirty-two soil samples were analyzed for Mn, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, Cd, Co, and As. Results revealed that heavy metal levels varied in the ranges 220.02–311.21, 42.39–66.92, 43.43–71.55, 32.86–52.12, 10.29–21.70, 2.83–8.84, 0.46–0.69, 0.03–0.37 mg/kg for Mn, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, Cd, Co, and As, respectively. All samples presented low As concentrations with an average of 0.01 mg/kg. The variations in bulk metal contents in the soil samples were related to multiple sources, including agrochemicals, atmospheric dust containing heavy metals, and traffic-related metals. Enrichment factor analysis indicates that Cd, Ni, Zn, and Cr were highly enriched in soils, and they could originate from non-crustal sources. Based on the geo-accumulation index (Igeo), the soil samples appeared uncontaminated with Mn, Cr, Zn, Pb, Co, As, Cu, uncontaminated to moderately contaminated with Ni and moderately contaminated with Cd. The contamination factors suggest low contamination, except for Ni, which showed moderate contamination. The average pollution load index (PLI) revealed unpolluted to low pollution of all soil samples. The ecological risk assessment (PERI) showed that all heavy metals posed a low risk, except for Cd which exhibited a high ecological risk.
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Unguarded waste disposal with its concomitant environmental degradation has being a global concern in recent times.Cases of waste disposal from paint manufacturing outfits were not left out in his issue.Study on the assessment of the contaminated soil by waste from paint manufacturing activities has been carried out in a typical Niger delta soil.The study area was divided into four sampling sections, wherein five samples were randomly taken from each segment, making a total of twenty soil samples.The sampling sites were designated as SS2, SS3, SS4, and SS5 which represented; the main discharge point, former discharge point which was abandoned five years ago, main gate and spill points respectively the control site was also located, and five soil samples were randomly collected therein.Each sample was analyzed for Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Cd, Mn and As using standard methods.The average Heavy metal concentration values in the study sites were apparently higher than the control site.However, the sampling sites were impacted at varying levels as follows SS2> SS4> SS5> SS3.The level of impact of Cu, As, Cr, Ni, Pb and Mn in the entire study area was quantified in percentage and presented in descending order as 82, 62, 52, 39, 24 and 12% respectively.Elevation of the study sites and Spatial Distribution of the metals were studied with the aid of GPS and the data produced with ARC GIS.The Distribution of the metals were largely affected by the elevation of various sampling sites.Most metals were leached to lower elevations despite the proximity of the sites to the source of discharge.There was low Pollution index (PI) of between 0.01-0.068for Cu and Zn in all the study sites whereas high PI of between 21.5-12.5 was recorded for Mn in SS3, SS4 and SS5.From the index standards, the soil was contaminated, on the average with Cr, Cu, Zn, As, Ni and Pb at low level and moderately contaminated with Mn and Cd.On the bivariate analysis, there was strong correlation between Cu and Pb, Zn with As and Cr, Ni with Cr and As.In the principal component analysis (PAC), As and Cu have the highest variation values of 0.979 for As and 0.987 Cu in components 1 and 2 respectively and these two components control 91.004% of the total variation.By the analysis of variance, there was no significant difference between heavy metals in the sampling sites, however, the Post-Hoc analysis confirmed significant difference in the metal discharge between (SS1), and SS2, SS3 SS4 and SS5 respectively, affirming that the discharge from the paint manufacturing outfits essentially contributed to the prevailing heavy metal concentrations in the sites.
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Based on the field data of water environment in Jiaxing City in recent years,the present status of water environment was evaluated and the amounts of internal and external contaminants were estimated in order to investigate the pollution sources and provide base for water environment regulation.Results show that main water quality indices include NH_3-N,TP,and COD_(Mn),and the contributing rate of external contaminants is large,which is about 50%.It is suggested that besides the measures to control the native pollution and improve the water pollution carrying capacity,water environment in adjacent regions must be improved.
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