USING DIFFERENT PERCENT FROM CONCENTRATE AND ROUGHAGE IN FATTNING HOLSTEIN FRISIAN CALVE
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The experiment was carried out at the Animal Farm / Department of Animal Resources/ College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, to study the effect of using different percentage of concentrate to roughage in fattening calves .Two equal groups of Holstein Frisian calves, with age about eight months and at average weight of 228.8±21.2&227.8±9.12 kg /hd respectively. The calves placed in two neighboring barn. The animals fed by 3% live weight in the first two weeks then the ratio was raised to 4% of the live weight to the end the experiment. The animal’s weights and some body measurements were recorded at the beginning of the experiment, then after two weeks until the end of experiment (body wt., Chest circumference, withers height, abdominal circumference, body length). The average daily gain in the first group was 0.957 kg/hd while the average daily gain was 0.970kg/hd in the second group. In the end of experiment the weight of calves in the first group were 1428 kg / Group, while the weight in the second group was 1430 kg / group.. The amount of roughage consumption in the first and second group 1594.4 and 1070.6 kg, While the amount of concentrate consumer in the first group 1064kg and the second group was 1549.8kg. It can be concluded from this study that the use of alfalfa hay to feed concentrate diet at the level of 60 : 40 from daily feeding in the fattening Holstein Frisian calves at the age of eight months is the best because it reduces the costs and to achieve the desired purpose.Keywords:
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The feeding of dairy cows with hay and production of so-called “hay milk” becomes an interesting production alternative for dairy farmers in some European countries. To minimise weather risk during hay production and to produce hay of high quality, the interest of farmers in barn hay drying techniques is growing. However, there is limited information available regarding labour requirement for barn dried hay production and its feeding by current used techniques.
The aim of this study is to create calculation models (MS-Excel based) for the estimation of labour requirement for loose barn dried hay production (from harvesting until storing) and its feeding to dairy cows. Different variants with loader wagon (in use for harvesting and feeding) and hay crane (in use for filling up, shifting and emptying of drying boxes and also for feeding) are studied.
To determine the standard times for individual work elements of interest, the selected tasks are timed on the level of individual work elements by the digital device Multidata (Drigus). Moreover, influence variables and procurement quantities (volumes, distances etc.) necessary for determination of standard times are recorded at each timing.
The recorded data are regularly statistically evaluated (based on the data evaluations applied in the software Meza (Drigus) and SigmaPlot) to estimate if further measurements are necessary to be performed to obtain reliable standard times. Reliable standard times should have an accuracy of 10 % and 95 % confidence level. The standard times together with influence variables will be included in calculation models to estimate the labour requirement for the selected tasks. The calculation models should enable to calculate the labour requirement for existing farms as well as for “fictitious” farms depending on herd size and desired farm design. The timing of tasks by hay production will be performed during several cuts in course of this year. The time studies by feeding have started in March this year and will continue over the year. The first measurements were performed by feeding with the hay winch crane with remote control. The works on creation of calculation models for this variant have started as well, and preliminary data for this variant can be presented. For other variants and for tasks during dried hay production, the creation of calculation models will start after first measurements (for other variants by feeding between March and May and by hay production between May and June).
The obtained information should enable the farmer to consider labour requirement for investigated systems regarding and thus support him by the determination those best suited to his condition.
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This study was carried out to determine height at withers, heart girth and cannon bone circumference measurements in purebred Arabian colts and fillies at Cifteler State Farm. Data obtained from the 1980-1998 marketing catalogue, which includes 535 colts and 392 fillies in Cifteler State Farm, were used. The average values of height at withers, heart girth, and cannon bone circumference for 224 colts and 319 fillies younger than 24 months were calculated to be 141.634±0.212 cm, 152.99±0.33 cm and 17.87±0.04 cm; and 140.826±0.18 cm, 153.94±0.33 cm, and 17.47±0.04 cm, respectively. In addition, the average values of these body measurements were calculated for 311 colts and 73 fillies 25-36 months old as follows: 152.099±0.16 cm, 173.61±0.25 cm and 19.58±0.03 cm; and 149.288±0.32 cm, 171.26±0.69 cm and 18.28±0.07 cm, respectively. In both sexes, the phenotypic correlation coefficients were calculated among height at withers, heart girth, cannon bone circumference and age. High and positive correlation (coefficients (r) were obtained among height at withers, heart girth, cannon bone circumference and age (p
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Circumference
Girth (graph theory)
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Haydrying begun in the field may be completed in the barn by unheated air forced through the hay by a blower. The barn-drier is of value mainly in eliminating the damage caused by rain when hay is field-cured. Hence, it would be of most value in seasons with heavy rainfall at harvest time. All of the usual hay-harvesting machinery and equipment, such as mower, rake, loader, wagon, team or tractor, and unloading fork or sling, are used in the barn-drying system. Hay dried in the barn is one grade and class better, according to analyses, than the same hay dried in the field. The barn-dried hay averaged 2.3 percent more leaves and 19 percent more green color. Indications from the feeding of rats and from chemical analyses are that the barn-dried hay contains more vitamin A than field-dried hay. Feeding trials with dairy heifers indicate that barn-dried hay is slightly superior in palatability to field-dried hay, even when the latter has not been damaged by rain. Hay damaged by rain may be expected to produce considerably less favorable results than hay cured in the barn. The power operating cost of the barn-drier, 86 cents per dry ton, is about 25 percent of the power and field operating cost of a large artificial heat-drier. Further details may be obtained from Bulletin 170, “Drying Hay in the Barn and Testing Its Feeding Value”, recently published by the Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, Knoxville.
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The experiment was conducted in the Agricultural Research Station in the Jordan Valley to study the effect of replacing alfalfa hay by barley straw in Total Mixed Rations (TMR) for fattening Shami kids. Thirty two Shami goat kids with an average initial live weight ranging from 25 to 25.75 kg were used. The experiments lasted for 56 days. Animals were allocated randomly to four isocaloric and isonitrogenous total mixed ration treatments (T1, T2, T3 and T4) contained different levels of alfalfa hay and barley straw. Rations were formulated to meet the animal requirements and fed on ad libitum basis. In the first treatment, alfalfa hay was the main source of roughage while in the second and third treatments, alfalfa hay was replaced partially by barley straw. In the fourth treatment, barley straw was the main source of roughage and alfalfa hay was not used. Feed intake was measured daily while kids were weighed every two weeks. At the end of the two experiments, four kids from each treatment were assigned at random and slaughtered to measure the carcass characteristics.
Results showed that Voluntary Feed Intake (VFI) was numerically increased by low partial replacement of alfalfa hay but decreased with increased level of replacement of alfalfa hay in the diet with lowest value with complete replacement of alfalfa hay with barley straw (T4). No significant (P>0.05) differences were observed among treatments in average daily weight gains. Cold dressing percent ranged from 48.7 to 50.8% and the M. Longissimus area ranging from 101.6 to 134.9 mm, with no significant differences (P>0.05) between treatments.
Present findings indicate that alfalfa hay could be replaced successfully with wheat straw in the diets of finishing Shami kids without adversely affecting their growth performance or carcass characteristics.
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Relationship between body weight (BW) and seven morphobiometrical traits [withers height (WH), body length (BL), chest girth (CG), shoulder width (SW), ear length (EL), cannon circumference (CC) and neck circumference (NC)] were studied in 142 Red Sokoto goats aged 19.3-30.6 months old using path analysis. The animals were randomly selected in certain smallholders? farms located in northern Nigeria. Pair-wise correlations among body weights and linear type traits were positive and highly significant (r = 0.74 - 0.92; P< 0.01). The path analysis revealed that body length had the highest direct effect on body weight, closely followed by chest girth and shoulder width, respectively (path coefficient = 0.354, 0.253 and 0.214 for BL, CG and SW, respectively). The optimum linear regression model with a coefficient of determination ( R2) value of 0.934 included forecast indices, such as body length, chest girth, shoulder width, cannon circumference and neck circumference. This regression equation could be used to predict the body weight of Red Sokoto goats in the field and for selection purposes.
Withers
Circumference
Girth (graph theory)
Path coefficient
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Alfalfa hay
Fodder
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The indexes of body size including the withers height,the body length,the chest girth,the chest depth and the cannon circumference of 99 adult rams,24 yearling rams,82 adult ewes and 47 yearling ewes were measured in Jiashike village.The results showed that the withers height and the cannon circumference were lower than those of Qinghai fine-wool sheep,but other three indexes of body size were all more than those of Qinghai fine-wool sheep.The chest girth and the cannon circumference were lower than those of Qinghai semi-finewool sheep,but other three indexes of body size were all more than those of Qinghai semi-finewool sheep,The withers height and the chest depth of Jiashike yearling ewes were slightly more than those of Qinghai semi-finewool sheep,bu the body length,the chest girth and the cannon circumference were all more than those of Qinghai semi-finewool sheep.
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A feeding trial for investigating the optimal harvest time of alfalfa was conducted with 120hybrid rabbits divided into four groups. Animals were supplemented with grass hay, early maturestage (10% bloom) alfalfa hay, mid mature stage (50% bloom) alfalfa hay and full bloom maturestage alfalfa hay respectively on the basis of same concentrate fed ad libitum, housed in cages ofthree layers individually with clean and fresh water through automatic waterer. Per cage feedintake and health condition were monitored daily and weight gain was measured weekly duringgrowing period (33~54d) and fattening period (55~82d). The results showed that in the wholeperiod all groups had no statistical differences in average daily weight gain and live weight atslaughtering age. Alfalfa groups decreased more concentrate feed intake than grass group(p<0.01), with full bloom alfalfa hay having the most effect up to 20% and 6% during growingand fattening period respectively (p<0.01). Although there were no differences in the feedconversion efficiencies for all groups throughout experimental period, the concentrateconversion efficiencies in experimental groups were significantly higher than in the controlgroup. Among alfalfa hay groups, there were no significant differences in average daily gain,concentrate intake, but morbidity of full bloom alfalfa hay treatment reduced (p<0.05). Inconclusion, it is suggested that alfalfa should be harvested at full bloom mature stage to makehay for rabbits.
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