Formulation and screening of analgesic activity of different analgesic gel preparations.
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This study was aimed to investigate the dermal irritant test and the central analgesic effects of topical application of seven different formulations (A-G) of analgesic gel prepared from locally available raw material in animal model. The results of dermal irritant test revealed that no animal showed any kind of toxic effect i.e. redness, irritation, itching, inflammation, skin infection or any other injurious effects. All animals remained healthy, active, alert showing normal behavior and no mortality was observed during the claimed period. The analgesic activity was performed by tail flick test. The analgesic activity against tail flick test revealed that all samples of test gel had analgesic effect at 15, 30 and 60 minutes after sample application but sample D had highest analgesic effects (193%) followed by sample E (155%), sample C (122%), sample G (85%), sample B (84%),sample F (81%) while sample A exhibited (73%) analgesic activity. Wintogeno was run as standard drug and it showed 168% analgesic activity.Keywords:
Itching
Tail flick test
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Owing to different mechanisms of analgesia, we hypothesized that the combination of ketamine and tramadol could produce synergistic or additive antinociceptive effects. Swiss albino mice were administered intraperitoneally with ketamine, tramadol, a combination of ketamine and tramadol, or saline, and the resulting antinociceptive effects were tested in the mouse tail-flick and formalin tests. The potencies of the two drugs alone or in combination were obtained by fitting data to the Sigmoid Emax equation. Isobolographic analysis was performed to evaluate the interaction. CNS depression was also monitored. Results showed that tramadol exhibited apparent dose-dependent effects in the tail-flick test, and in phase 1 and phase 2 of the formalin test. Ketamine dose-dependently inhibited the phase 2 responses, but failed to modify the phase 1 and tail-flick responses. Combination of tramadol and ketamine produced significant synergistic interactions only in phase 2 of the formalin test (P < 0.05). The synergistic combinations also displayed less CNS depression than when an equianalgesic dose of ketamine was administered alone. We conclude that in the acute thermal or chemical pain model, ketamine is not effective and the net effect of ketamine and tramadol in combination was simply additive after systemic administration. However, the coadministration produced synergistic antinociception in the chemical-induced persistent pain model.
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Objective: To research into the antiinflammatory and analgesic effects and toxicity of aerosol diclofenac sodium (ADS) on animals. Methods: The antiinflammatory and analgesic effects of ADS on mice were studied by acetic acid inducing writhing model, hot plate method and dimethylbenzene inducing ear oedema model. The acute toxicity in a single intraoral dose of ADS and intraocular irritation were observed in rabbits. After multiple intraoral doses, the irritations of ADS on the normal guinea pigs' and traumatic rabbits' oral mucosa were evaluated. Results: When ADS was administered intraorally, the writhing reaction induced by acetic acid was inhibited and the pain threshold induced by hot plate was raised significantly in mice (P0 05 and P0 01). The swelling degree of ear was inhibited significantly by local ADS painting (P0 01). The toxicant and irritant symptoms after single or multiple local administrations of ADS were not observed. Conclusion: ADS possesses significant antiinflammatory and analgesic effects in mice and the toxicity and irritation were not significant in guinea pigs and rabbits with local dosing.
Diclofenac Sodium
Diclofenac
Toxicant
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Orofacial Pain
Tail flick test
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Mianserin
Tail flick test
Hot plate test
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ED50
Tail flick test
Hot plate test
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This study was aimed to investigate the dermal irritant test and the central analgesic effects of topical application of seven different formulations (A-G) of analgesic gel prepared from locally available raw material in animal model. The results of dermal irritant test revealed that no animal showed any kind of toxic effect i.e. redness, irritation, itching, inflammation, skin infection or any other injurious effects. All animals remained healthy, active, alert showing normal behavior and no mortality was observed during the claimed period. The analgesic activity was performed by tail flick test. The analgesic activity against tail flick test revealed that all samples of test gel had analgesic effect at 15, 30 and 60 minutes after sample application but sample D had highest analgesic effects (193%) followed by sample E (155%), sample C (122%), sample G (85%), sample B (84%),sample F (81%) while sample A exhibited (73%) analgesic activity. Wintogeno was run as standard drug and it showed 168% analgesic activity.
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Tail flick test
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Cizolirtine citrate (E-4018) is a new analgesic agent with antinociceptive activity against phenylquinone (ED50 33.7 mg/kg) and acetic acid (ED50 24.4 mg/kg) in mice, against acetic acid in rats (ED50 21.3 mg/kg) and in the plantar test (ED50 26.8 mg/kg). It demonstrated antinociceptive activity in the tail-pinch and tail-flick tests (ED50s of 68.0 and 46.0 mg/kg, respectively), in both phases of the formalin test (ED50 13.8 and 2.31 mg/kg), and in the capsaicin test (ED50 7.14 mg/kg). Cizolirtine does not inhibit prostaglandin biosynthesis, it is not a ligand for opioid receptors, it does not have antiinflammatory or ulcerogenic activity, it has some antipyretic activity and shows no affinity for alpha 2-adrenergic receptors, but its analgesic effect was modified by idazoxan and by desipramine. Recent studies have shown that the analgesic effect of cizolirtine could be related, at least partially, to an inhibition of spinal substance P release.
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Idazoxan
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Tail flick test in rats and acetic acid induced writhing in mice were employed to study the antinociceptive activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Vitex-negundo (VN) (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o). The effect was compared with meperidine (40 mg/kg, sc) in tail flick method and aspirin (50 mg/kg, p.o) in writhing test as a standard control respectively. An interaction with naloxone hydrochloride was also studied in tail flick method for its mechanism of central analgesic action. The test drug showed significant analgesic activity in dose dependant manner in both the experimental models. In comparison to standard drug (meperidine), more than ten times dose of VN extract was required to produce comparable significant antinociceptive activity. The sub-effective dose (5 mg/kg, po) of VN potentiated the analgesic activity of meperidine (4 mg/kg, sc) and aspirin (25 mg/kg, po). Naloxone (1 mg/kg, sc) did not reverse the analgesic effect of VN extract. Our observations suggest that VN possesses both central and peripheral analgesic activity. The central analgesic action does not seem to be mediated through opioid receptors. It, may prove to be a useful adjuvant therapy along with standard analgesic drug.
Vitex negundo
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Tail flick test
Capsaicin
Diclofenac
Narcotic
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Concomitant administration of flupirtine maleate at a single low dose (15 mg/kg, mice; 35 mg/kg, rats) with a wide range of doses of each of the peripherally acting analgesics enhanced the antinociceptive activity of paracetamol, acetylsalicyclic acid and ibuprofen in the acetic acid writhing test, acetylsalicylic acid in the hot plate test and paracetamol, acetylsalicyclic acid and ibuprofen in the Randall-Selitto test. The concomitant administration of a single low dose of the peripherally acting analgesics (at about 1/2 ED50) with a wide range of doses of flupirtine maleate resulted in enhancement of flupirtine maleate analgesic activity by paracetamol (in the hot plate and Randall-Selitto tests), acetylsalicyclic acid (in the acetic acid writhing test), ibuprofen (in the Randall-Selitto test) and indomethacin (in the acetic acid and Randall-Selitto tests). Thus flupirtine maleate enhanced the analgesic activity of paracetamol, acetylsalicyclic acid and ibuprofen in mice and rats. Each of the peripherally acting analgesics enhanced the analgesic activity of flupirtine maleate in one or more of the analgesic tests used.
Ibuprofen
ED50
Hot plate
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Antipyretic
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