Impact of land use change on ecosystem services: A review
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Ecosystem valuation
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On the basis of the development of ecosystem security and pastoral ecosystem security research,this paper analyzes the concepts and characteristics of pastoral ecosystem security.Pastoral ecosystem security was thought of as an integrated concept of ecosystem health,ecosystem services and ecosystem risk and management.A new pastoral ecosystem security assessment modeling was established about health-service-risk and management(HSRM),and the index system was analyzed on pastoral ecosystem security assessment.It provided a new calculation formula on the measure of pastoral ecosystem security,and advanced the criterion and levels for its identification.
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The concepts of ecosystem management and ecosystem services are both firmly implanted in natural resources policy dialogue and as focal points of scientific research, though each has had its detractors and difficulties gaining traction in concrete regulatory programs. Yet little attention has been paid to how they relate, particularly in a way relevant to Grumbine’s call for reconciliation between ecological integrity and use of ecosystems for human prosperity. More specifically, does the concept of ecosystem services light the way for harmonizing the goal of sustaining ecological integrity and the goal of providing goods and services to humans? Is there something about the ecosystem services approach that changes the calculus from that used in traditional resource management in such a way that makes it more likely that ecosystem services concepts will promote sustainable ecological integrity? This chapter explores those questions from two perspectives. The first section of the chapter examines the fit between ecosystem management and ecosystem services in theory. Is the concept of ecosystem services compatible with, even supportive of, what Grumbine laid out as the themes and goals of ecosystem management, or will it put ecosystem management even farther behind? The second section explores the topic in an applied context through a case study of ecosystem services and federal public land management. Is there anything to be gained for ecosystem management on federal public land regimes through the use of ecosystem services concepts? The analysis from both perspectives is that the concept of ecosystem services offers significant potential to support the application of ecosystem management principles generally, but that care must be taken to ensure it does not distort or undermine ecosystem management goals in local contexts.
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Ecosystem management originates from the tradition fields of natural resources management and utilization, and develops in the 1990's. Based on our best understanding of the ecosystem composition, structure and function, and in definite spatiotemporal scales, it integrates human values and social-economic principles into managing ecosystems to resotre and/or sustain ecosystem integrity and sustainability. Ecosystem management requires the collection of field data and the monitoring of ecosystem dynamics at multiple scales. The essential elements of ecosystem management include clear management goals, definite ecological boundaries and units, sound ecological understanding, appropriate scale and hierarchic structure, understanding of ecosystem uncertainty, adaptive management, cooperation between agency and individuals, and viewing human and its value as ecosystem components. The goal of ecosystem management focuses on ecosystem sustainbility.
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Abstract Forest ecosystem management and ecosystem health are two related but different concepts. This paper expounds the origin, development, evaluation and research progress of ecosystem health, the difference between forest ecosystem management and traditional forest management science, and discusses the relationship between forest ecosystem management and ecosystem health, and holds that: 1) the health of forest ecosystem should be the goal pursued by forest ecosystem management; 2) Ecosystem health theory provides theoretical basis for specific measures of forest ecosystem management; 3) Forest ecosystem management measures also provide necessary means to maintain the health of forest ecosystem. In order to realize sustainable forest management, the goal of forest management should be changed from the traditional priority of utilization to the direction of emphasizing the health of forest ecosystem, which is the necessary prerequisite for sustainable development of ecological, economic and social benefits of forests.
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Forest ecosystem management was different and relative to ecosystem health.The origin,development and assessment of ecosystem health were described,and the difference of forest ecosystem management and classical forest management were stated.Furthermore,the relations between forest ecosystem management and ecosystem health were dissertated,including: ①forest ecosystem health should be an objective of forest ecosystem management;②ecosystem health theory was theoretical basis of specific measures of forest ecosystem management;③the specific measures of forest ecosystem management would provide necessary means to keep forest ecosystem health.In order to promote sustainable management of forest and ecological,economic,social benefit from forest,the change of management target of forest from using to keeping forest ecosystem health was an essential prerequisite.
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The ecosystem delineation on ecosystem services is an important baseline framework for resource and environmental management pursued by China in recently years. In this paper, the authors first discussed the nature of delineation, and then pointed out that the delineation is an ecosystem-based geographical identification, with a focus especially on ecosystem viability influenced by human activities and integrated human values. Through the delineation, we need not only to answer where an ecosystem is and what it provides, but also answer how people value its provision and how human values affect the sustainability of an ecosystem. The ecosystem delineation on ecosystem services, based on the nested hierarchy organization of the ecosystem and its multi-scale characters, aims at multi-scale ecosystem management. As a case study, watershed-based delineation of ecosystems on priority ecosystem services in the upper Yangtze River is developed and presented. It is concluded that the main task comprises of delineating ecosystem units and services, assessing ecosystem integrity, and naming the dominated ecosystem function. Finally, the ecosystem management recommendations in the upper Yangtze River are given under the new framework. [HJ1] [HJ]
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Ecosystem health is very relational to environmental management. Ecosystem health is the aim of environmental management. Ecosystem health provides new thoughts and new methods to environmental management. Healthy ecosystem is a fundamental basis to realize regional sustainable development. The succession process of ecosystem health is the preparation to optimize environmental management. At the same time, optimized environmental management provides macro decision-making and social and economic ensurance for ecosystem health. From the view of subject development, this paper deals with the background, theoretical fundament and application process of ecosystem health and also deals with the relationship between ecosystem health assessment and environmental management. The paper puts forward the aim of environmental management: healthy ecosystem-->healthy environment-->healthy foods-->healthy human ecosystem-->healthy social development.
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An ecosystem is healthy if it is active, maintains its organization and autonomy over time, and is resilient to stress. Healthy ecosystems provide human well-being via ecosystem services, which are produced in interaction with human, social, and built capital. These services are affected by different ecosystem stewardship schemes. Therefore, society should be aiming for ecosystem health stewardship at all levels to maintain and improve ecosystem services. We review the relationship between ecosystem health and ecosystem services, based on a logic chain framework starting with (1) a development or conservation policy, (2) a management decision or origin of the driver of change, (3) the driver of change itself, (4) the change in ecosystem health, (5) the change in the provision of ecosystem services, and (6) the change in their value to humans. We review two case studies to demonstrate the application of this framework. We analyzed 6,131 records from the Ecosystem Services Valuation Database (ESVD) and found that in approximately 58% of the records data on ecosystem health were lacking. Finally, we describe how the United Nations' System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) incorporates ecosystem health as part of efforts to account for natural capital appreciation or depreciation at the national level. We also provide recommendations for improving this system.
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生态功能区划是我国正在开展的一项关于资源与环境管理的重大基础性工作.生态功能区划的理论和方法是当前生态学、环境科学、地理学等学科面临的一项新的热点课题.本文首先讨论了生态功能区划的概念,从认识区划看,生态功能区划属于生态系统区域划分的范畴,从实践的角度,则强调人文活动对生态系统可持续能力产生的影响,指出自然生态区不是生态功能区,生态功能区须反映人类的利用和价值判断.生态功能区划,不单是以自然要素或自然系统的地带性分异为基础,更是以生态系统的等级结构和尺度原则为基础,用生态系统完整性的评价测量人类活动对生态系统的影响,将生态功能区划的科学基础落在基于生态系统的管理平台上.文章提出了基于流域的我国生态功能区划的初步思想,讨论了区划的原则和方法,建立了生态系统完整性评价和功能区划分的指标体系.其基本内容是,认识并按照生态系统的自然边界划分生态系统单元;进行生态系统完整性评价;在此基础上划分不同的生态功能区,确定主导生态功能.;The on-going Ecosystem Delineation on Ecosystem Services is an important baseline framework for resource and environmental management of our country. The methodology of the delineation is a focus area and new research field in ecology, environmental sciences and geography. In this paper, the author first gave a discussion on the concept of Ecosystem Delineation on Ecosystem Services. He defined that, epistemologically, Ecosystem Delineation on Ecosystem Services belongs to ecosystem identification, and practically, it focuses on especially the impacts on ecosystem viability of human activities. Furthermore, he noted that, an area where ecosystems only function naturally should not be referred as an ecologically functioning area unless the ecosystem services and human values are integrated. Through the delineation, we need not only answer where an ecosystem is and what it provides, but also answer how people value its provision and human values how affect the sustainability of an ecosystem. The Ecosystem Delineation on Ecosystem Services is not based on the zoning characteristics of the natural elements or systems, but the nested hierarchy organization of the ecosystem and its multi-scale character. Meanwhile ecosystem integrity assessments are measures of the integration of natural ecosystems and human values. Then, the initiative idea of watershed-based delineation of ecosystems of China is developed and presented. The main principles, methods and indices of the delineation under such a system is also discussed and established. The author concluded that the main task comprises of delineating ecosystem units, assessment of ecosystem integrity, further Ecosystem Delineation on Ecosystem Services and name the dominated ecosystem function.
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