Do Ecosystem Service Value Increase and Environmental Quality Improve due to Large–Scale Ecological Water Conveyance in an Arid Region of China?
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With the rapid development of the economy and the intensification of human activities, ecological systems have been degraded, especially in arid areas. The lower reaches of the Tarim River represent a typical arid area in China. Since 2000, the Chinese government has been heavily investing in the protection and restoration of the natural ecological environment of the lower reaches of the Tarim River. In this study, we aimed to resolve two key scientific issues: (1) reveal the changing characteristics of land-use in the region and identify the changes in ecosystem service value caused by these land-use changes and (2) evaluate whether the environmental quality has improved or worsened. The objective of this study is to verify whether the ecological water conveyance project promotes an increase in the ecosystem service value, with an improvement in the ecological environment, to thereby provide references for the evaluated effects of ecological water conveyance for the management of water resources. In this way, economic development can support environmental protection. Thus, the economy can be sustainably developed. Hence, based on the remote sensing data of land-use in 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2016, with the value coefficients proposed by Constanza in 1997 and changing characteristics in the land-use, the ecological service value, and environmental conditions from 1990 to 2016 were analysed. According to our results, from 1990 to 2016, the ecosystem service value has increased substantially, indicating that the benefits of ecological water conveyance were significant. The environmental condition index increased by 21.14%, showing that the ecological environment has improved. However, the environmental quality remained low. In the future, we should formulate plans for reasonable land-use that control the replacement of woodlands and grasslands with farmlands and construction. The results of this study provide a scientific basis and practical guide for restoring inland river ecosystems in arid regions.Keywords:
Restoration Ecology
Climatic characteristics of broadband solarradiation (Rs) in Chinese arid and semi-arid areas are reported in this study. The annual average daily Rs in thearid and semi-arid areas is 16.3 ± 5.77 and 15.3 ± 5.16 MJm-2 d-1, respectively. The highest value (17.2 ± 5.84 MJm-2 d-1) appears in an arid area at Linze. The lowest valueappears in the semi-arid area of Ansai. Pronounced seasonal variation of Rs is observed with the highest value insummer and the lowest in winter. The clearness indexshowed similar seasonal pattern at most sites, with theminimum observed in the summer and the highest valuesin winter at both arid and semi-arid areas. The seasonalvariation of the ratio of Rs to its extraterrestrial value Kt inthe arid area is more significant than that observed in thesemi-arid region, and it is caused by the different range ofvariation of water vapor between arid and semi-arid areasThe seasonal fluctuations in Rs and Kt are mainly controlled by the water vapor content in these areas. Theaerosol particles have significant influence on Rs and Kt atstations with higher aerosol burden.
Seasonality
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This article introduced a series of environment problems caused in the long- term exploitation of arid and half arid desert mine area. The strategy of environment problem is put forward, so that the environment of arid and half arid desert mine site should be improved persistendy, realize sustainable development.
Desert (philosophy)
Desert climate
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The ecosystems in arid area of Northwestern China are fragile and it is very hard if it was destroyed.This means that it is meaningful to study the restoration mechanism of ecosystems in arid area.Among various methods for the ecosystem restoration,those for the restoration mechanism of ecosystems in arid area should be emphasized on the adjustability and feasibility.Taking the projects Returning Grazing Land to Protected Grassland and Returning Arable Land to Forest in the arid areas as the examples,the strategies for the ecosystem restoration were provided.
Restoration Ecology
Arable land
Grassland ecosystem
Land restoration
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Maintaining and improving ecosystem services in urban areas and human well-being are essential for sustainable development and therefore constitute an important topic in urban ecology. Here we reviewed studies on ecosystem services in urban areas. Based on the concept and classification of urban ecosystem services, we summarized characteristics of urban ecosystem services, including the human domination, high demand of ecosystem services in urban areas, spatial heterogeneity and temporal dynamics of ecosystem services supply and demand in urban areas, multi-services of urban green infrastructures, the socio-economic dimension of ecosystem services supply and ecosystem disservices in urban areas. Among different urban ecosystem services, the regulating service and cultural service are particularly indispensable to benefit human health. We pointed out that tradeoffs among different types of ecosystem services mostly occur between supportive service and cultural service, as well as regulating service and cultural service. In particular, we emphasized the relationship between landscape design (i.e. green infrastructure) and ecosystem services supply. Finally, we discussed current gaps to link urban ecosystem services studies to landscape design and management and pointed out several directions for future research in urban ecosystem services.
Urban ecosystem
Total human ecosystem
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Desert climate
Aridity index
Semi-arid climate
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خشکسالی به عنوان پیامد اجتنابناپذیر نوسانات آب وهوایی، یکی از عوامل مهم در کاهش تولید محصولات کشاورزی به ویژه در شرایط دیم میباشد. در این پژوهش از شاخص مرجع کشاورزی برای خشکسالی (ARID) در دو رهیافت شامل مدلهای تک لایه و دولایهی توازن آب خاک جهت مدلسازی توابع تولید گندم و جو دیم در سطح استان گلستان استفاده شده است. بدین منظور دادههای هواشناسی روزانه برای 12 ایستگاه تبخیرسنجی و سینوپتیک موجود در سطح استان گلستان اخذ و مقدار شاخص ARID بر اساس دو رهیافت مورد نظر در دورهی رشد محصولات گندم و جو محاسبه گردید. همچنین آمار عملکرد گندم و جو در زراعتهای دیم و آبی در سطح 8 شهرستان استان گلستان طی دورهی متناظر جمعآوری و با آنالیز نقطهی جهش مقادیر سری نسبت عملکرد (R) در هر شهرستان برآورد گردید. با انتخاب 6 دورهی فنولوژیک رشد برای محصولات مورد بررسی، مقدار متوسط شاخص ARID در هر مرحله طی سالهای مختلف محاسبه و با حل غیرخطی رابطهی بین نسبت عملکرد و شاخص ARID، ضرایب حساسیت هر مرحله تعیین و مدل برآورد عملکرد مشخص گردید. در پایان با مقایسهی مقادیر عملکردهای محاسبه شده و مشاهده شده بر اساس معیارهای آماری، توانایی شاخص ARID در دو رهیافت مورد بررسی ارزیابی گردید. بر اساس این مقایسه نتایج شاخص ARID در رهیافت مبتنی بر مدل دولایهی توازن آب و خاک در شبیهسازی مقادیر عملکرد محصولات گندم و جو دیم از دقت بالاتری برخوردار بود. علاوه بر این دقت توابع تولید استخراج شده برای محصول جو نیز به مراتب بیشتر از گندم بوده است. بررسی ضرایب حساسیت تنش نسبی محصولات مورد ارزیابی نشان میدهد که به ازای محصولات گندم و جو دیم دوره ساقهرفتن حساسترین مرحله نسبت به تنش آبی در تمامی ایستگاهها به جز ایستگاههای واقع در شهرستان رامیان میباشد. اهمیت نسبی حساسیت مراحل رشد اولیه، خوشه رفتن و گلدهی نسبت به تنش آبی با توجه به نوع محصول در ایستگاههای مختلف، متفاوت بدست آمد. با این وجود کمترین میزان حساسیت به ازای دورههای رویشی اولیه و رسیدگی بدست آمد.
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Urban green spaces provide various ecosystem services, especially cultural services. Previous assessment methods depend either on hypothetic payments for ecosystems or real payments not directly related to ecosystems. In this paper, we established a method for assessing the cultural ecosystem services in any location in urban area using only two variables, green space (ecosystem) and land rent (real payment). We integrated the cultural and the regulating services into the total ecosystem services because urban green spaces provide almost no provisioning services. Results showed that the same area of green spaces near the center provided much higher cultural services than that near the urban edge; the regulating services accounted for 5% to 40% of the total ecosystem services from the center to the edge of urban area; along the center-edge gradient, there was a threshold out which the ecosystem services were lower than the maintenance cost of green spaces.
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