FORECASTING AND COPING WITH FUTURE STRESSORS PREDICTS DAILY SUBJECTIVE AGE
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Abstract Stressors are associated with higher subjective ages, but the role of forecasting and coping with future stressors is unknown. 223 adults (107 aged 18-36, 116 aged 60-90) reported their subjective age, forecasts of next-day health stressors, and anticipatory coping with next-day health stressors each day for eight consecutive days. There was no main effect of forecasting, but increases in plan rehearsal coping were associated with increases in felt age. In contrast, increases in problem analysis coping were associated with decreases in felt age. Daily forecasting and coping also interacted with each other. On days with low plan rehearsal or low problem analysis, there was no association between forecasting of health stressors and subjective age. However, on days with high plan rehearsal or high problem analysis, increases in forecasting ratings were associated with increases in subjective age. Forecasting and coping with future stressors may play a role in subjective aging.Keywords:
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Abstract Stressors are associated with higher subjective ages, but the role of forecasting and coping with future stressors is unknown. 223 adults (107 aged 18-36, 116 aged 60-90) reported their subjective age, forecasts of next-day health stressors, and anticipatory coping with next-day health stressors each day for eight consecutive days. There was no main effect of forecasting, but increases in plan rehearsal coping were associated with increases in felt age. In contrast, increases in problem analysis coping were associated with decreases in felt age. Daily forecasting and coping also interacted with each other. On days with low plan rehearsal or low problem analysis, there was no association between forecasting of health stressors and subjective age. However, on days with high plan rehearsal or high problem analysis, increases in forecasting ratings were associated with increases in subjective age. Forecasting and coping with future stressors may play a role in subjective aging.
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This chapter contains section titled: A person's response to crisis The biological response to stressors Coping abilities as buffers against stressors Cognitive and emotional responses as buffers against stressors Social support as a buffer against stressors Positive attitude as a buffer against stressors Individual differences as buffers against stressors The person's behavioural response to crisis Help seeking Behaviour-Contact with the caring services Stressor resolved Stressor Unresolved-Crisis Summary
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Abstract The availability of traditional self-report instruments for measuring work stressors may have diverted attention from exploring the way in which different stressors relate to one another. In order to develop a better understanding of the nature of the stressor experience a study was undertaken to explore the stressor–strain relationship using sequential tree analysis, a stepwise procedure that provides a "visual display" of the patterns and associations between stressors and strains. The study employed a sample of 695 principals and deputy principal teachers of secondary schools in New Zealand, who received a questionnaire measuring stressors and strains. SPSS AnswerTree® (version 2.0.1) was used to identify the patterns of association. The patterns of stressors that emerge from this analysis were used in a didactic or illustrative way to identify issues of measurement that may need to be resolved in order to derive a better understanding of the stressor experience. Different stressor patterns were associated with different levels of, but lower levels of strain were not simply the obverse of those stressors that cause higher levels of strain. Two not mutually exclusive issues emerge from the results, suggesting that stressor measurement practices may need to be reviewed. The first includes structural level issues such as considering the number, type, and potency of different stressors. The second includes issues best described as conditions of association. These concern understanding why different stressor patterns form, the relationship between stressors in those patterns, and the potency of patterns.
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Abstract According to the Person × Situation theoretical framework, people adjust their coping to address the unique challenges of encountered stressors. Whether their strategies fit or appropriately address these stressor challenges influences adjustment. We examined the fit between pre-treatment stressors reported by hematological cancer patients awaiting allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (alloBMT) and their coping responses. Stressors were categorized as controllable versus uncontrollable; coping responses were categorized as problem- versus emotion-focused versus mixed (i.e., elements of both coping types). We hypothesized that patients would employ coping responses that fit the controllability of stressors (i.e., a match between stressor and coping response): problem-focused coping for controllable stressors and emotion-focused coping for uncontrollable stressors. In qualitative interviews, pre-BMT patients (10 men, 7 women) described encountered stressors and how they coped with them. Every reported stressor was linked with its associated coping response, resulting in a stressor–coping pair. We determined the proportion of total stressor–coping pairs in which the coping response matched the controllability of its linked stressor. Most stressor–coping pairs involving uncontrollable stressors showed the hypothesized match with emotion-focused or mixed coping. Contrary to hypotheses, fewer stressor–coping pairs that involved controllable stressors matched with problem-focused or mixed coping. Rather, these pairs were more likely to link controllable stressors with emotion-focused coping (i.e., mismatch between stressor controllability and type of coping). AlloBMT candidates may appraise the pre-treatment stage, globally, as permitting very little control. Coping efforts may consequently emphasize regulation of negative emotions (i.e., emotion-focused coping).
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Many studies of daily life have framed stressors as unpredictable disruptions. We tested age differences in whether individuals forecast upcoming stressors, whether individuals show anticipatory stress responses prior to stressors, and whether having previously forecasted any stressors moderates stressor exposure on negative affect. Adults (n = 237; age 25–65) completed surveys five times daily for 14 days on current negative affect, stressor exposure, and stressor forecasts. Older age was associated with slightly greater likelihood of reported stressors but unrelated to forecasted stressors. Following forecasted stressors, individuals were four times more likely to report a stressor had occurred; age did not moderate this effect. Even prior to stressors, current negative affect was significantly higher when individuals forecasted stressors compared to when no stressors were forecast. No support was found for forecasts buffering effects of stressors on negative affect and age did not moderate this interaction. Instead, the effects were additive. In an age-heterogeneous sample, individuals showed early and persistent affective responses in advance of stressors. Anticipatory stress responses may be a mechanism for chronic stress.
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The goodness of fit among the appraised changeability of a stressor, coping, and depression in people with psychiatric, physical health, work, and family problems was examined (N = 746). It was expected that problem-focused coping (as opposed to emotion-focused coping) would be used more and be more adaptive in situations appraised as changeable as compared with situations appraised as not changeable. Although few relationships existed between appraisal and coping, tests of fit between coping and depressed mood (maladaption) were much stronger. In people with nonpsychiatric conditions, problem-focused coping and depressed mood were negatively related when a stressor was appraised as changeable but were unrelated when a stressor was appraised as not changeable. Emotion-focused coping was positively related to depression when a stressor was appraised as changeable. No general relations were observed in the people with psychiatric conditions.
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This longitudinal study examines the situational specificity of coping strategies for 3943 male employees of the research and development division of an industrial company. The Job Stress Scale-Revised version (JSS-R) was administered twice to the same subjects 40 months apart to assess chronic job stressors (qualitative and quantitative) and coping strategies (problem-solving, support-seeking, and problem-leaving). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine changes in coping strategies corresponding to changes in chronic job stressors. The results suggest a situational specificity of coping strategies. (a) With decreasing qualitative stressors, “problem-solving” coping increases and “problem-leaving” coping decreases. (b) With increasing qualitative stressors, “problem-leaving” coping increases and “problem-solving” coping decreases. (c) With increasing quantitative stressors, “support-seeking” coping increases. (d) With decreasing quantitative stressors, “problem-leaving” coping decreases. (e) There is no variance in “problem-leaving” coping attributable to the change in the quantitative stressors when the qualitative stressors decrease or increase. “Problem-leaving” coping is more strongly related to qualitative than quantitative stressors.
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The students of City Institute of Dalian University of Technology are sampled by using Psychological Crisis Stressors and Coping Style scales.The independent college students′psychological crisis stressors and coping style under every factor influence are analyzed,and correlation analysis is made on psychological crisis stressors and coping style.Some valuable suggestions are proposed for independent college students′psychological crisis stressors and coping style.
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