Role of bacterial agents in newborn babies with septicemia
Aliyar PirouziMohammad Javad MohammadiAhmad AbdollahiHamideh MohseniElham RezaeeSahar GeravandiHossein Foruozandeh
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IntroductionThis research is aimed to determine the most common bacterial agents in septicemia of newborn babies. The blood infection is a clinical syndrome caused by invading microorganisms or their toxins into the blood.ObjectiveThis study was conducted in Abd al-Hamid Omidvar Hospital, Evaz, Iran, on 516 newborn babies and infants with an average age of eight months suspected to infection.MethodFollowed by collecting of blood samples and performing of microbial culture, evaluation of antibiotic sensitivity was performed by disc diffusion method on agar medium.ResultsAmong 516 samples of blood cultures, 20 samples (3.8%) of cultures were positive, of which 12 cases (3.9%) were boy and 8 cases (3.7%) were girl. Bacteria which cause blood infections include Staphylococcus epidermidis (30%), Klebsiella pneumonia (30%), Escherichia coli (25%), Enterobacter (10%) and Staphylococcus aureus (5%). The most sensitivity Gram positive and Gram negative strains were both to ciprofloxacin and the highest resistance of Gram negative strains was against cefixime and cephalexin, and the highest resistance of Gram positive strains was against tetracycline and oxacillin.Conclusionpaying attention to the prevalence of infection with Staphylococcus epidermidis in this study and similar studies, with correct use of antibiotics for treatment and observation of hygiene principles in pediatrics and neonatal wards can reduce mortality and morbidity caused by the disease.Keywords:
Cefixime
Blood Culture
Cefalotin
Antibiotic sensitivity
Klebsiella
The widespread use and misuse of antimicrobials beyond human medicine, assisted in the alarming emergence of resistance amongst the bacterial strains. Aim: to determine the effect of the use of antibiotics as food additives on the intestinal flora of poultry.Methods: one hundred and eighty chickens at the age of two weeks were divided equally into six groups. Five of these groups were used for the test and the sixth served as a control group. Each of the test groups was fed with a different type of antibiotic which served as food additives. The control group was fed an antibiotic-free diet. The antibiotics used were amoxycillin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, gentamicin and co-trimoxazole. Rectal swabs were collected from the chickens at the age of two and six weeks respectively. The specimens were processed for the isolation and antibiotic sensitivity of E. coli from each group. After slaughtering the chickens, the presence of the antibiotic residue in the tissues was tested. Pieces of tissues were applied on a sensitivity agar using standard E coli as a test organism. Results: significant increase in antibiotic resistance was noticed in the test groups (P < 0.05). The change in resistance was insignificant in the control group (P > 0.05). The pieces of tissues from the test groups inhibited the growth of E coli indicating the presence of antibiotic residue. No inhibition of growth was detected in the control group. Conclusion: the use of antibiotics as food additives in animals and poultry can lead to the emergence of resistant bacterial strains in their intestinal flora and can leave antibiotic residue in their tissue.Key words: Antibiotics, Food additives, Poultry.
Antibiotic sensitivity
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IntroductionThis research is aimed to determine the most common bacterial agents in septicemia of newborn babies. The blood infection is a clinical syndrome caused by invading microorganisms or their toxins into the blood.ObjectiveThis study was conducted in Abd al-Hamid Omidvar Hospital, Evaz, Iran, on 516 newborn babies and infants with an average age of eight months suspected to infection.MethodFollowed by collecting of blood samples and performing of microbial culture, evaluation of antibiotic sensitivity was performed by disc diffusion method on agar medium.ResultsAmong 516 samples of blood cultures, 20 samples (3.8%) of cultures were positive, of which 12 cases (3.9%) were boy and 8 cases (3.7%) were girl. Bacteria which cause blood infections include Staphylococcus epidermidis (30%), Klebsiella pneumonia (30%), Escherichia coli (25%), Enterobacter (10%) and Staphylococcus aureus (5%). The most sensitivity Gram positive and Gram negative strains were both to ciprofloxacin and the highest resistance of Gram negative strains was against cefixime and cephalexin, and the highest resistance of Gram positive strains was against tetracycline and oxacillin.Conclusionpaying attention to the prevalence of infection with Staphylococcus epidermidis in this study and similar studies, with correct use of antibiotics for treatment and observation of hygiene principles in pediatrics and neonatal wards can reduce mortality and morbidity caused by the disease.
Cefixime
Blood Culture
Cefalotin
Antibiotic sensitivity
Klebsiella
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P045 Assessment of Neisseria gonorrhea prevalence and resistance in the Eastern Mediterranean Region
Background
Neisseria gonorrhea (NG) has been identified as a high-priority public health concern because of a widespread antimicrobial resistance. The objective is to discuss the findings and implications of this emergence in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR).Methods
A review of paper, reports and guidelines from the region about NG was conducted.Results
In 2015, the estimated prevalence of NG in the EMR was 0.7% for women and 0.6% for men compared to global estimations of 0.9% and 0.7% respectively. Prevalence in 2016 was higher by 0.2% for both men and women. Concerning antimicrobial resistance, regional countries from the EMR reporting data on gonococcal isolates with resistance to azithromycin, ciprofloxacin and extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs) were 2 in 2009; 0 in 2010 and only 1 from 2011 to 2014. The reported data show full susceptibility to ESCs and azithromycin and >90% resistance to ciprofloxacin. Another report mentioned 1 reporting country in 2015 and 2016 respectively with resistances of >90% for ciprofloxacin. Cefixime, Ceftriaxone and azithromycin resistance testing were negative. Empirical articles are very scarce. In Lebanon (n=53), resistance prevalence was 38.3% to ciprofloxacin and 40.4% to azithromycin. Two papers from Morocco (n=72 and n=135) reported ciprofloxacin resistance in 86.8% and 77.9% respectively in 2013 and 2018 without ceftriaxone resistance detected. A case report from Egypt was resistant to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin but not to azithromycin.Discussion
It is consistently clear that the EMR has the lowest number of reporting countries compared with all other regions. A call for exploration of NG epidemiology and resistance is recommended through a regional action plan to control and minimize the impact of this public health issue. The promising diagnostic technologies in NG would be beneficial for both the general and the key populations in the absence of financial support to cover current tests.Cefixime
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Clinico-bacteriological examination of patients with purulent infections showed that Staphylococcus was the predominating microflora in the wounds. Simultaneously an increasing role of gram-negative conditionally pathogenic bacteria was shown. Multiple drug resistance was found in the organisms tested. The highest sensitivity levels were observed to gentamicin, kanamycin, tetracycline, levomycetin. It was shown by means of special typing methods that staphylococci of phage group III and Ps. Aeruginosa of serotype II predominated in the infected wounds. When the pathological material contained the antibiotic resistant cultures of Ps. aeruginosa, Proteus, Klebsiella and toxigenic strains of Staphylococcus, a tendency for prolongation of the suppurative process was observed.
Kanamycin
Phage typing
Antibiotic sensitivity
Klebsiella
Neomycin
Pathogenic bacteria
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To obtain primary knowledge of drug resistance to ciprofloxacin in the common pathogenic bacteria in this hospital thereby to bring the situation under control.A total of 3 800 strains of pathogenic bacteria were isolated from in-patients from 1997 to 2000, and drug resistance of these strains to ciprofloxacin was examined.During the past 4 years, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus faecalis were found to be highly resistant to ciprofloxacin with the rates still on the rise from 50%, 25.6% and 40.3% in 1997 to 62.2%, 53.4% and 63.6% respectively in 2000. Over 40% of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter were resistant to ciprofloxacin and the percentages for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter reached 31.1% to 34.0% in 2000. Among the 189 strains of the pathogenic bacteria isolated from patients with sustained infection in our hospital in 2000, over 70% of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus faecalis were identified as having resistance to ciprofloxacin.The percentages of common pathogenic bacteria that are resistant to ciprofloxacin have been considerably high and tend to increase further. Ciprofloxacin abuse needs to be given appropriate attention.
Enterococcus faecalis
Pathogenic bacteria
Staphylococcus haemolyticus
Klebsiella
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Background: For diagnosis of enteric fever, the culture of the organism from different body fluids is the gold standard. After diagnosis, it is important to treat with the right antibiotic before any complications can occur. The retrospective study is designed to explore the antibiotic sensitivity trend in blood culture positive typhoid fever cases and the extent of drug resistance before treatment is administered.Methods: A retrospective study was carried out for culture isolated enteric fever patients admitted in Kathmandu Model Hospital. The discharged records from January 2012 to December 2016 were analyzed. The patients above 15 years and with culture isolated enteric fever were included in the study.Results: One hundred fifty-nine strains of Salmonella typhi and paratyphi were isolated from Jan 2012 to Dec 2016 at Kathmandu Model Hospital. Out of 159 isolated, 125 (78.6%) were Salmonella typhi and 34 (21.4%) were paratyphi. Among them co-trimoxazole, chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, cefixime, and ofloxacin demonstrated 100% sensitivity. Similarly, amoxicillin sensitivity was 98.1% (n=156) while ciprofloxacin was sensitive in 6.3% (n=10), intermediately sensitive in 49.1% (n=78) and resistance in 44.7% (n=71).The newer quinolone levofloxacin showed 78.5% (n=11) sensitivity. Azithromycin was sensitive in 99.2% (n=132) of total isolated Salmonella species both typhi and paratyphi.Conclusions: A high degree of sensitivity was noted to chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole, showing sensitivity has returned to conventional antibiotics. The drug-like ofloxacin is still the best responding drug in our contest whereas ciprofloxacin resistance is still high, but five years patterns show a trend of rollback of sensitivity.
Cefixime
Antibiotic sensitivity
Blood Culture
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Objective To observe whether ceftriaxone has inhibitive effect on the Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm,and study the function of antibiotics in the prevention and treatment of Staphylococcus infection. Methods15 Staphylococcus epidermidis whose biofilm were positive were screened by adhesive test. The inhibitive effect of the drugs with different concentration were observed. Results Ceftriaxone could inhibit the Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation while ceftazidime,erythromycin could not.Vancomycin could kill Staphylococcus strongly,but could not inhibit The biofilm formation. ConclusionsCeftriaxone is useful to prevent Staphylococcus epidermidis infection by inhibiting adhesive effect.
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Objective To study the bacterial characteristics,drug sensitivity and resistance of strains isolated from patients with respiratory tract infection.Methods Bacteria were cultured in sputum specimens from 1063 patients with respiratory tract infections.The bacteria were identified by Merieux TPI.The antibiotic sensitivity tests were determined by Merieux ATPI.Results In 2007,the most common isolated bacteria were Klebsiella(30.9%),Pseudomonas(18.8%),Escherichia coli(12.1%),Enterobacter cloacae(9.1%),Acinetinbacter(7.3%),Staphylococcus aureas(6.1%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis(5.5%).In 2008,the most common isolated bacteria were Pseudomonas(30.6%),Klebsiella(15.0%),Candida albicans(12.1%),Acinetinbacter(10.7%),Staphylococcus epidermidis(9.7%),Escherichia coli(9.7%) and Staphylococcus aureas(3.4%).The bacterial resistance rates to most of antimicrobial drugs used routinely were higher in 2008 than those in 2007.Conclusions It is increased of respiratory tract infection rate caused by opportunistic pathogen and the bacterial resistance rates to antimicrobial drugs used routinely.
Enterobacter cloacae
Klebsiella
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Background: For diagnosis of enteric fever, the culture of the organism from different body fluids is the gold standard. After diagnosis, it is important to treat with the right antibiotic before any complications can occur. The retrospective study is designed to explore the antibiotic sensitivity trend in blood culture positive typhoid fever cases and the extent of drug resistance before treatment is administered.Methods: A retrospective study was carried out for culture isolated enteric fever patients admitted in Kathmandu Model Hospital. The discharged records from January 2012 to December 2016 were analyzed. The patients above 15 years and with culture isolated enteric fever were included in the study.Results: One hundred fifty-nine strains of Salmonella typhi and paratyphi were isolated from Jan 2012 to Dec 2016 at Kathmandu Model Hospital. Out of 159 isolated, 125 (78.6%) were Salmonella typhi and 34 (21.4%) were paratyphi. Among them co-trimoxazole, chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, cefixime, and ofloxacin demonstrated 100% sensitivity. Similarly, amoxicillin sensitivity was 98.1% (n=156) while ciprofloxacin was sensitive in 6.3% (n=10), intermediately sensitive in 49.1% (n=78) and resistance in 44.7% (n=71).The newer quinolone levofloxacin showed 78.5% (n=11) sensitivity. Azithromycin was sensitive in 99.2% (n=132) of total isolated Salmonella species both typhi and paratyphi. Conclusions: A high degree of sensitivity was noted to chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole, showing sensitivity has returned to conventional antibiotics. The drug-like ofloxacin is still the best responding drug in our contest whereas ciprofloxacin resistance is still high, but five years patterns show a trend of rollback of sensitivity. Keywords: Cephalosporin; enteric fever; sensitivity.
Cefixime
Antibiotic sensitivity
Blood Culture
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