General Amino Acid Metabolism (Urea Cycle, One Carbon Metabolism)
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Amino acid metabolism
Bicarbonate
Ornithine transcarbamylase
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Abstract d ‐amino acids are the d stereoisomers of the common l ‐amino acids found in proteins. Over the past two decades, the occurrence of d ‐amino acids in plants has been reported and circumstantial evidence for a role in various processes, including interaction with soil microorganisms or interference with cellular signalling, has been provided. However, examples are not numerous and d ‐amino acids can also be detrimental, some of them inhibiting growth and development. Thus, the persistence of d ‐amino acid metabolism in plants is rather surprising, and the evolutionary origins of d ‐amino acid metabolism are currently unclear. Systemic analysis of sequences associated with d ‐amino acid metabolism enzymes shows that they are not simply inherited from cyanobacterial metabolism. In fact, the history of plant d ‐amino acid metabolism enzymes likely involves multiple steps, cellular compartments, gene transfers and losses. Regardless of evolutionary steps, enzymes of d ‐amino acid metabolism, such as d ‐amino acid transferases or racemases, have been retained by higher plants and have not simply been eliminated, so it is likely that they fulfil important metabolic roles such as serine, folate or plastid peptidoglycan metabolism. We suggest that d ‐amino acid metabolism may have been critical to support metabolic functions required during the evolution of land plants.
Amino acid synthesis
Amino acid metabolism
Metabolic pathway
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Amino acid metabolism
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ABSTRACT Fetal and placental amino acid metabolism has been studied using multiple tracer methodology. Comparisons between species have been difficult because of technical differences that make such comparisons inappropriate. However, comparisons of the metabolism of different amino acids within the same species, the fetal lamb, are now possible because of the abundance of studies carried out in this species. The role of placental metabolism in contributing to the determination of the supply of amino acids to the fetus has been better defined. Some amino acids such as glutamate are catabolized significantly within the placenta, others are transported with little placental catabolism. The organ specificity noted in adult metabolism for specific amino acids is now well established in fetal life as well. Fetal hepatic metabolism is characterized by a large uptake of most amino acids and by a net release of glutamate and serine. Amino acid uptake by the hindlimb differs significantly from postnatal life not o...
Catabolism
Amino acid metabolism
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Amino acid metabolism
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D-amino acids are the D stereoisomers of common L-amino acids found in proteins. In the past two decades, the occurrence of D-amino acids in plants has been reported and circumstantial evidence for a role in several processes has been provided, including the interaction with soil microorganisms or an interference with cellular signalling. However, examples are relatively scarce and D-amino acids can also be detrimental, some of them inhibiting growth and development. Thus, the persistence of a D-amino acid metabolism in plants is rather surprising and evolutive origins of D-amino acid metabolism is presently unclear. Systemic analysis of sequences associated with enzymes of D-amino acid metabolism shows that they are not simply inherited from cyanobacterial metabolism. In effect, the history of enzymes of plant D-amino acid metabolism likely involves several steps, cellular compartments, gene transfers and losses. Regardless of evolutive steps, enzymes of D-amino acid metabolism like D-amino acid transferases or racemases have been kept by higher plants and not simply eliminated, hence it is likely that they fulfil important metabolic roles, which can be illustrated with serine, tryptophan, and folate metabolism. We suggest that D-amino acid metabolism was perhaps crucial to support metabolic functions required during land plants evolution.
Amino acid synthesis
Metabolic pathway
Amino acid metabolism
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Aestivation
Helix pomatia
Bicarbonate
Land snail
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Amino acid metabolism
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