Typical characteristics of large-scale landslides in the transition belt between the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Loess Plateau
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Collapsible loess is widely spread in Loess Plateau, northern Shaanxi province. The constructional damage due to side slope and irrigation will be caused if the loess doesn't deal with properly. Based on the analysis features of loess collapsibility and numbers of lab tests, this paper presents the relationship between loess structural parameters and confining pressure, as well water content and porosity ratio. The relevant loess structural parameters were obtained by fitting method. The loess collapsibility characteristics were analyzed with different confining stress, soil water content and porosity ratio. The main triggering factors of loess collapse were also analyzed. The results can further give the scientific evidence when dealing with the collapsible loess.
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By investigating typical earthquake-induced landslides in the field,the landslides triggered by 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake were classified into 4 kinds of basic types: slide type landslides,slide-flow type landslides,fall-slide type landslides and fall-eject-slide type landslides according to movement characteristics and modes of the landslides.Moreover,according to the characteristics of sliding and material composition of the landslides and macro disrupted degree of sliding mass,sliding landslides were classified into 3 kinds of secondary types: coherent landslides,disrupted landslides and debris landslides.On the basis,basic characteristics,especially movement characteristics and processes for all types of landslides was thoroughly analyzed by different types of typical landslides cases.It is not only helpful to comprehensively understanding the types and characteristics of earthquake-induced landslides,but also can provide a mitigation and prevention basis for future earthquake-induced landslides.
Landslide mitigation
Debris flow
Mass movement
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Rockslide
Natural hazard
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By simulating the climate features on loess plateau,the loess ground thermal regime is deriked.By analyzing the calculated data and the tested data for the thermal regime,the changing law of the thermal regime caused by climatic change is explored.The relationship between loess temperature and loess depth in any month is given.It is pointed that the less the loess depth,the more the variation of temperature caused by climate change,and the more is the highest temperature and the less the lowest temperature.Further,this paper indicates that the more the loess depth is,the less is the variation of loess temperature caused by climate change.And the formula,by which the variation of loess temperature in any depth can be calculated,is arrived at.
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Lithology
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The M (Richter magnitude) = 7.5 Guatemala earthquake of February 4, 1976, generated more than 10,000 landslides throughout an area of approximately 16,000 km2. These landslides caused hundreds of fatalities as well as extensive property damage. Landslides disrupted both highways and the railroad system and thus severely hindered early rescue efforts. In Guatemala City, extensive property damage and loss of life were due to ground failure beneath dwellings built too close to the edges of steeply incised canyons. We have recorded the distribution of landslides from this earthquake by mapping individual slides at a scale of 1:50,000 for most of the landslide-affected area, using high-altitude aerial photography. The highest density of landslides was in the highlands west of Guatemala City. The predominant types of earthquake-triggered landslides were rock falls and debris slides of less than 15,000 m3 volume; in addition to these smaller landslides, 11 large landslides had volumes of more than 100,000 m3. Several of these large landslides posed special hazards to people and property from lakes impounded by the landslide debris and from the ensuing floods that occurred upon breaching and rapid erosion of the debris. The regional landslide distribution was observed to depend on five major factors: (1) seismic intensity; (2) lithology: 90 percent of all landslides were within Pleistocene pumice deposits; (3) slope steepness; (4) topographic amplification of seismic ground motion; and (5) regional fractures. The presence of preearthquake landslides had no apparent effect on the landslide distribution, and landslide concentration in the Guatemala City area does not correlate with local seismic-intensity data. The landslide concentration, examined at this scale, appears to be governed mainly by lithologic differences within the pumice deposits, preexisting fractures, and amplification of ground motion by topography-all factors related to site conditions.
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Rockfall
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The extreme rainstorm occurred in Yanhe Basin in 2013,and triggered various landslides.According to Investigation Code of Landslide,Rockfall and Debris Flow(DD2008—02),we investigated landslides in six small watersheds in Yanhe Basin from north to south.The results showed that:(1)heavy rain and rainstorm mainly concentrated in July,Baota District was the central area of rainstorm in Yanhe Basin because its erosive rainfall was the greatest;(2)the erosion modulus of landslide of two watersheds which were farther from the central area of rainstorm in south were the largest,and reached to 7 000t/km2,it reached to 3 700t/km2 in central watersheds,and reached to 1 400t/km2 in northern watersheds,landslide amounts and landslide frequency also showed this law:southcenternorth;the landslides which were shallow landslides occurred in loess and distributed slopes of 20°~60°;all of landslides belonged to small scale landslide,the proportion of volume of landslides which were less than 1 000 m3 was the greatest and reached 78%,the number of landslides whose scale exceeded 5 000m3 was few.
Debris flow
Rockfall
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The loess tunnel, a kind of subground erosional geomorphy, is common in the loess plateau. Firstly, the classification of loess tunnels in the loess plateau is introduced. Secondly, based on field research, the distribution regularity of loess tunnels is discovered, that is, the density of loess tunnels is becoming lower from the north-west to the south-east. Thirdly, both the loess types and density differ in different depth; finally, the benefits and hazards of loess tunnels are analyzed. Results show that the loess tunnel has double significance: on the one hand, as a kind of geological hazard, it can not only result in serious water and soil loss, but also make damages to various constructions such as highway, railway, oil and gas conveying pipes and folk houses. On the other hand, it is a kind of important way that provides and discharges water for the effluent reservoirs in the loess plateau.
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