Preparation and Properties of Carbon Coated Spherical Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Composites as an Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries
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In this paper, carbon coated spherical Mn 3 O 4 was prepared by decomposition of spherical MnCO 3 and sucrose. The results of XRD and SEM showed that Mn 3 O 4 /C composites are sphere-like with good crystallinity, and its diameter is about 1um. It could deliver a reversible charge capacity of 848.7 mA h g -1 at the current density of 162.3 mA g -1 , and the specific discharge capacity is still have 441 mA h g -1 at a high current density of 649.4 mA g -1 exhabiting good rate performance. The excellent performance of the spherical Mn 3 O 4 /C composites could be attributed to its unique architecture which provides fast lithium ion and electron transportation as well as accommodates the large volume change of transition metal oxides during conversion reactions.Keywords:
Carbon fibers
In this paper,the effect of anode material on MFC electrogenesis is discussed,taken max power,anode potential and internal resistance as evaluation indices.The results indicated that the MFC,which was linked by salt bridge,had a better electrogenesis capacity when carbon material was chosen.Under the same condition,voltage spikes could steadily reach 700 mV and was the highest when carbon cloth was used as anode material.The densities of carbon paper,carbon felt and carbon cloth were 20,55 and 200 g·m-2,respectively.MFC max powers,using these three materials as anode material,were 9.36,12.40 and 37.09 mW,respectively.The results show that the higher density of carbon material is used as anode material,the higher max power will be produced.
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In aluminium reduction cells, the profile of a new carbon anode changes with time before reaching a steady state shape, since the anode consumption rate, depending on the current density normal to anode surfaces, varies from one region to another. In this paper, a two-dimension model based on Laplace equation and Tafel equation was built up to calculate the secondary current distribution, and the shift of anode shape with time was simulated with arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method. The time it takes to reach the steady shape for the anode increases with the enlargement of the width of the channels between the anodes or between the anode and the sidewall. This time can be shortened by making a sloped bottom or cutting off the lower corners of the new anode. Forming two slots in the bottom surface increases the anodic current density at the underside of the anode, but leads to the enlargement of the current at the side of the anode.
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The exploration of electrode materials is considered to be a crucial process affecting the development of lithium-ion batteries. However, the large-scale commercial application of the great mass of anode materials has been hampered by the challenges with conductivity and volume change. These problems can be solved by the combination of a carbon-matrix with anode materials, which has proven to be an effective strategy. This review aims to outline recent advances in carbon-matrix composite anodes based on different dimensions (0D, 1D, 2D, 3D and atomic scale) and functions, with the emphasis on the regulation of carbon distribution of composite anodes. Besides, the matrix forms and carbon sources have also been summarized. This review will provide some light on the future carbon-matrix electrode design trends for LIBs.
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The cusped field thruster is a new electric propulsion device that is expected to have a non-uniform radial current density at the anode. To further study the anode current density distribution, a multi-annulus anode is designed to directly measure the anode current density for the first time. The anode current density decreases sharply at larger radii; the magnitude of collected current density at the center is far higher compared with the outer annuli. The anode current density non-uniformity does not demonstrate a significant change with varying working conditions.
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In this paper, anode current density distribution in high-current vacuum arcs have been investigated experimentally based on the split anode and cup-shaped axial magnetic field (AMF) cathode configuration system. The anode surface was divided into four areas by split: one central area with a diameter of 18mm, and three symmetrical peripheral fan-shaped areas with the internal and external diameters of 22 mm and 60 mm, respectively. The contacts material was CuCr25 and the arc current varied from 6kA to 14kA (rms). The currents of the four areas on the anode contact were measured by four Rogowski Coils outside of the vacuum chamber, and the anode current density of each areas was determined by the area and current of regions. From the experimental results, the peak anode current density of central area on the anode surface increased from 14.4 A/mm 2 to 37.7 A/mm 2 , accompanied with the arc mode from the intense arc mode (14kA) from the diffuse arc mode (7.6kA). Moreover, the current density distribution became more non-uniform as the current increased, and the current density of the central area was much larger than that of other peripheral regions on the anode surface.
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We present a comparison of two electrospun anode materials characterized with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 under steady state conditions. The achievable anodic current densities of microbial fuel cells in a half-cell setup operated with S. oneidensis are very responsive to the anode morphology. Two electrospun anode materials were investigated which mainly differ in fiber diameter resulting in an approximately four-fold fiber surface area difference. The electrospun material with 126 nm fibers yields current density of (56 ± 14) µA cm -2 (normalized to the projected anode area) at -0.2 V vs. SCE and performs more than a factor of three better than the material with 848 nm fibers with a current density of (16 ± 14) µA cm -2 . The volumetric current density of the 126 nm fiber material (3378 ± 830) µA cm -3 is more than a factor of three higher than the carbon nanotube based material
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The objective of this paper is to determine the radial distribution of the anode current in the high current vacuum arcs under the axial magnetic field(AMF). Based on the specially experimental geometry of a split anode and a butt-type cathode, the currents of the every four divided areas at the anode were measured. In this experiment, four types of the split anode contacts were selected, with the diameters of the central area of 10 mm, 14 mm, 20 mm and 20 mm, respectively. The contact material was CuCr25 (25% Cr). The arc current I ranged from 6 to 14 kA (rms) at 50 Hz. The opening velocity was 2.4 m/s. An external applied uniform AMF was 74 mT. The appearance of the vacuum arcs was recorded by a high-speed charge-coupled device video camera. The experimental results quantitatively reveal the radial distribution of the anode current by the four types split-anode contacts. In our experiments, the current density in the four types split-anode under different geometry was quantitatively measured, which was closely related to the anode current distribution in radial direction. The current density of central area decreased evidently with the increasing of the diameter of the anode central area, which quantitatively indicated that the anode current density concentrated in the central area. The current density of anode central area with the smaller diameter had a higher increasing rate with the increasing of the arc current.
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