Interrelationships of Health Related Behaviors among Young Adults
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Obesity and smoking continue to be some of the nation’s top health concerns. This study explored the interrelationships among exercise, nutrition and smoking behaviors among young college adults. Undergraduate psychology students (N=612) completed an internet survey that included measures of exercise, nutrition and smoking behaviors. Analyses revealed that more males were exercising while more females were eating nutritiously. The Transtheoretical Model constructs stage of change for exercise and eating nutritiously were significantly related. There were no significant differences found for smoking behavior across the stages of change for exercise or nutrition. Health professionals and researchers should not assume that regular exercise is associated with a non-smoking status or that a non-smoking status is associated with consuming a more nutritious diet. Further research and intervention is strongly urged targeted towards both men and women among the young college adult population.Keywords:
Transtheoretical model
Healthy eating
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Decision making is an integral part of the transtheoretical model of behavior change. Stage of change represents a temporal dimension for behavior change and has been the key dimension for integrating principles and processes of change from across leading theories of psychotherapy and behavior change. The decision-making variables representing the pros and cons of changing have been found to have systematic relationships across the stages of change for 50 health-related behaviors. Implications of these patterns of relationships are discussed in the context of helping patients make more effective decisions to decrease health risk behaviors and increase health-enhancing behaviors.
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Even through the health benefits of regular exercise and physical activity are well documented, most people are inadequately active or completely inactive.Designing interventions to enhance the adoption and maintenance of a physically active lifestyle continues to be a challenge, given that the majority of individuals are not considering becoming more active, and that over half of those who decide to become more physically active return to a sedentary lifestyle within three to six months.It has been recommended that research on exercise adherence be conducted utilizing models of behavioral science.One of the most effective models is the transtheoretical model of behavior change(TTM).The TTM has been used to explain both the stages and processes people go through when trying to eliminate a negative form of behavior(e.g., smoking)and when trying to acquire a positive form of behavior(e.g., exercise).The model consists of various stages of change, processes of change, decisional balance, and self-efficacy.The TTM suggests that individuals attempting to change exercise behavior move through five stages of change.In addition, individuals experience different congnitive and behavioral processes of change as they move from one stage to another.As people change, decisional balance and self-efficacy are employed uniquely at each stage.According to this model, tailoring interventions to match a person's readiness(stage of change)is essential.Although research on exercise adherence utilizing the TTM has been actively conducted in Western countries, this area of research is yet to be advanced in Japan.This article reviews research on exercise adherence utilizing the TTM, and discusses the applicability of the TTM to understanding physical activity and exercise behavior in the Japanese population.
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Objectives: After completing their own health behavior change challenge (HBCC) activity, students will be able to understand better, first hand, the complexities of implementing health behavior change. More specifically, students will increase their understanding of the barriers target audiences’ face by participating in their own personal challenge. They will also be able to identify and apply stages of change (Transtheoretical Stages of Change model) and other health communication models (Health Belief Model), theories, and concepts. At the same time, students will come to develop a deep appreciation of their own barriers, competitions, and motivations for positive health change. Courses: Health Communication, Health Communication Campaigns, Communication Theory
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The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) is an integrative health behavior change theory that describes the process of how people change their behavior. The central organizing construct in the theory is stages of change, which are five distinct stages of readiness to change behavior, ranging from not ready to change (precontemplation), thinking about change (contemplation), preparing to change (preparation), changing (action), and maintaining the change (maintenance). Movement through the stages may be nonlinear, and cycling and recycling through the stages is viewed as a natural part of the change process. Other model constructs explain what drives individuals forward through the stages of change. Decisional balance involves a weighing of pros and cons of changing behavior, while self-efficacy involves situation-specific confidence that one can change. Increases in pros, deceases in cons, and increases in self-efficacy propel people forward through the stages of change. The processes of change are experiential and behavioral strategies that people use to change their behavior. In early stages of change, people use experiential strategies while they use behaviorally oriented strategies in later stages of change. The TTM holds significant implications for message design. Most notably, messages should be targeted and tailored to stages of change, and where possible, to other model variables as well. Studies indicate that the TTM has been successfully applied to health communication campaigns, and to a larger extent, to computer-tailored interventions to change health behavior. Meta-analyses indicate that scores of computer-tailored interventions have been efficacious, including many based upon the TTM and stages of change. New applications of the model include a focus on novel health behaviors, multiple behavior change, and advancing an understanding of message design in the context of the TTM in combination with other theoretical approaches.
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The Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change (TTM), originally developed by James Prochaska and his colleagues, addresses the psychological mechanisms of changing a health behavior. The primary tenet of the TTM is that people move through a series of stages on their way to making a change. The five Stages of Change based on TTM can be applied to various health behaviors, from condom use to smoking cessation to cancer screening. Assessing Stages of Change can be used to demonstrate the beneficial effects of sexuality education programs. These stages, which classify individuals according to their current behavior and their intentions for future behavior, are composed of the following: 1) precontemplation; 2) contemplation; 3) ready for action or preparation; 4) action; and 5) maintenance. Individuals may go through all these stages in a linear fashion, skip stages, or move back and forth between them. Furthermore, this model suggests that education programs should be dependent on the participant's stage of readiness to change and should target the individual's perceptions regarding the pros and cons of the behavior in question.
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It is well known that regular physical activity is of great benefit to children's health. Over the past 20 years in Japan, increasing attention has been focused on children's physical activity, and some studies have indicated that such activity has dramatically decreased. It is therefore necessary to identify the determinants of physical activity and to conduct interventions in order to promote children's physical activity. The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) has been applied in a number of studies promoting various health behavior changes among adults and the elderly; however, there have been few instances of its application in studies involving children and adolescents. The aims of this study were to review the findings of studies that had applied TTM to children and adolescents' physical activity. The review found positive results of the application of TTM to promoting children's and adolescences' physical activity.
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1. Researchers have identified five stages of change and the 10 experiential and behavioral processes most effective in helping people move from one stage to the next. This model is referred to as "transtheoretical" because it encompasses many theories of behavior change. 2. Each stage of change tends to be characterized by the use of specific processes. Experiential strategies are used most frequently by individuals in the contemplation and preparation stages of change. Behavioral processes are used most frequently by individuals in the action and maintenance stages. 3. The transtheoretical model assists providers in developing interventions targeted not only for employees who are prepared to take action, but also for the majority of the population who are not yet intending to change their behavior, or for those who are only considering a lifestyle change. 4. Using this information, the occupational health nurse can design specific interventions targeted to an individual's current stage of change, with the potential to accelerate the employee's progress toward increasing the adoption and maintenance of the desired behavior.
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