Position Statement: Exercise Guidelines to Increase Peak Bone Mass in Adolescents
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Background: An increase in bone mineral density during adolescence increases resistance to fractures in older age.The Korean Society for Bone and Mineral Research and the Korean Society of Exercise Physiology developed exercise guidelines to increase the peak bone mass (PBM) in adolescents based on evidence through a systematic review of previous research.Methods: Articles were selected using the systematic method, and the exercise guidelines were established by selecting key questions (KQs) and defining the effects of exercises based on evidence through a literature review for selecting the final exercise method.There were 9 KQs.An online search was conducted on articles published since 2000, and 93 articles were identified.Results: An increase in PBM in adolescence was effective for preventing osteoporosis and fractures in older age.Exercise programs as part of vigorous physical activity (VPA) including resistance and impact exercise at least 5 to 6 months were effective for improving PBM in adolescents.It is recommended that resistance exercise is performed 10 to 12 rep•set -1 1-2 set•region -1 and 3 days•week -1 using the large muscles.For impact exercises such as jumping, it is recommended that the exercise is performed at least 50 jumps•min -1 , 10 min•day -1 and 2 days•week -1 .Conclusions: Exercise guidelines were successfully developed, and they recommend at least 5 to 6 months of VPA, which includes both resistance and impact exercises.With the development of exercise guidelines, the incidence of osteoporosis and fractures in the aging society can be reduced in the future, thus contributing to improved public health.Osteoporosis is a prevalent bone disease around the world, characterised by low bone mineral density and increased fracture risk. Currently, the gold standard for identifying osteoporosis and increased fracture risk is through quantification of bone mineral density (BMD), using dual energy X-ray absorption (DEXA). However, the use of BMD to diagnose osteoporosis is not without limitation and arguably the risk of osteoporotic fracture should be determined collectively by bone mass, architecture and physicochemistry of the mineral composite building blocks. Rather than depending exclusively on the 'mass' of bone, our previous research investigated predicting the risk of fracture using 'bone quality'. The work highlighted that the material properties of OP tissue differ significantly to that of 'normal' bone and for the first time reported the clinical value of new biomarkers (obtained from X-ray scatter signatures) for fracture risk prediction. Thus, in order to improve fracture prediction models, diagnostic tools need to be developed which not only measure bone mineral density, but also bone quality.
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Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in fragility and susceptibility to fractures resulting in the severe health consequences to human health. Many investigations have been done in exploring the etiological factors so as to find out approaches for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Low bone mineral density is one of the important clinical characteristics of osteoporosis. In this paper, the progress of study on the relationship between muscle strength, physical activity and bone mineral density was reviewed.
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Osteoporosis is a common bone disease in postmenopausal women that leads to an increased risk of fracture. In osteoporosis, the bone mineral density (BMD) is reduced, and bone micro- and macroarchitecture deteriorates. Osteoporosis is defined by the World Health Organization as a BMD of 2.5 standard deviations or more below the mean peak bone mass (average of young and healthy adults) as measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Diagnosis of osteoporosis can be made using BMD measurement. The most popular method of measuring BMD is DEXA. In treatment, we can use various exercises and nutritional supplementation, medications, and lifestyle modification for the prevention of fractures.
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【Objective】To determine bone mineral density(BMD) of normal people in Changsha area and further to investigate the bone mineral density(BMD) changes and osteoporosis(Osteoporosis,OP) of the disease status.To establish of normal reference values and provide the basis for bone mineral density in Changsha area.【Methods】 BMD of lumber spine and proximal femur in 1 331(624 men,707 women) healthy people were determined by duel energy X-ray BMD detector(DEXA) in Changsha residents aged from 20 to 85 years old.All subjects were divided into different groups by 10 years for statistical analysis.【Results】The man peak bone mass was found between 20～ 29 years of age.But the female peak bone mass was found between 30 ～39 years of age.Female's bone mass decreased quickly after the age of 50.Man's bone mass decreased quickly after the age of 60(P 0.01).The incidence of osteoporosis in women was significantly higher than men(P 0.01).【Conclusions】The incidence of osteoporosis has some relevance with age and gender.BMD decreased with age,increased incidence of osteoporosis and female prevalence of osteoporosis in men.Therefore,prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in women should start as soon as possible.
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Objective Analysis of bone mineral density(BMD) of different area in normal people in Laoning Province of China,to study the change of peak bone mass and BMD and to provide scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of primary osteoporosis.Method To measuring the BMD of L_1～L_4 and hip joint in 2489 people by DEXA.Results The peak value of bone mass in measured bone was in 25～29 age of both male group and female group.The peak bone mass of male was higher than that of female,but there was no significant difference between the two group(P0.05).The loss of bone mass was evident in female group after age 50～64 and it was not evident in male group.BMD was relatively steady between age 75～89 in both group.The loss of bone mass was becoming slow and it was showing increase tendency specifically in lumbar bone.Conclusion The result provides the normal value for diagnosis of osteoporosis in Liaoning district.The change of BMD in adult people in this district can provide the opportunity and basis for provention and treatment of primary osteoporosis.
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Objective To investigate the prevalence of osteoporosis in Wuhan,in order to provide scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.Methods Bone mineral density(BMD) assessment of right calcaneal region(11 559 citizens who had medical examination in Jianghan District of the WuHan City from 2004 to 2008,including 6434 men and 5125 women,aged from 20 to 99) were measured with dual energy X-ray absorptiometer(DXA). Prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis are analyzed according to BMD.Subjects were divided into groups according to different age and sex.Results The percentage of the normal bone mass decreased as the age increased,while the percentage of the osteopenia and osteoporosis was reverse.Male and female had significant differences of the BMD,no matter in which age group,in case of the same bone mass status(P0.05).Conclusion The prevalence of osteopenia or os- teoporosis increaseed with age.The 20-year-group had the highest percentage of normal bone mass and the lowest percentage of osteopenia and osteoporosis.Females are more liable to suffer from osteoporosis.Males had higher BMD than females.
Osteopenia
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Osteoporosis is defined as a disease with low bone mineral density (BMD) and the increased probability for non-traumatic fractures in elderly. BMD in the elderly is theoretically determined by the BMD reached in younger era and the rate of bone loss in the later life. Both of peak bone mass and bone loss rate are known to be affected by environmental factors as well as genetic factors. In addition, both factors are assumed to interact each other. Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis would be fascilitated by understanding both of these factors.
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Objective To investigate the peak bone mass in women from Quanzhou area and the age of its coming into being. To treat the relation of peak bone mass, bone mineral density and the age and to provide evidence for diagnosis and the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis of the women from this area. Methods The study population consisted of 302 healthy women aged 20～44years and the bone mineral density was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry made by DMS company in France. And the result was expressed by [AKx-D]±s.Results The bone mineral density in the group of 35～39 is obviously more than the others.Conclusion Investigating the peak bone mass in women from Quanzhou has important significance to prevent osteoporosis, especially fracture for osteoporosis. Meanwhile, it conduces to set the osteoporosis diagnostic criteria and provide proof for osteoporosis and it's complication.
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Osteopenia
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