Use of a visible reporter marker- myb-related gene in crop plants to minimize herbicide usage against weeds
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Weeds, a main threat to agricultural productivity worldwide, are mostly controlled by herbicides. To minimize herbicide usage by targeting only weedy areas, we developed a new methodology for robust weed detection that relies on manipulating the crop plant's leaf hue, without affecting crop fitness. We generated transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum Xanthi) lines overexpressing the anthocyanin pigment as a traceable marker that differentiates transgenes from the surrounding weeds at an early stage. Transformation with the anthocyanin VlmybA1-2 gene produced purple-colored leaves. Subsequent gene silencing with vector pTRV2:VlmybA1-2 significantly reduced anthocyanin pigments in tobacco leaves 40 days after agroinfiltration, with a concomitant reduction in VlmybA1-2 transcript levels. Purple hue faded gradually, and there were no fitness costs in terms of plant height or leaf number in the silenced vs. non-silenced tobacco transgenes. These results could lead to a new sustainable weed-control method that will alleviate weed-related ecological, agricultural and economic issues.The commercial application of genetically modified plants has been seriously impeded by public concern surrounding the potential risks posed by such plants to the ecosystem and human health. Previously, we have developed a ‘pollen- and seed-specific Gene Deletor’ system that automatically excised all transgenes from the pollen and seeds of greenhouse-grown transgenic Nicotiana tabacum. In this study, we conducted seven field experiments over three consecutive years to evaluate the stability of transgene excision under field conditions. Our results showed that transgenes were stably excised from transgenic Nicotiana tabacum under field conditions with 100% efficiency. The stability of transgene excision was confirmed based on PCR, as well as the GUS staining patterns of various organs (roots, leaves, petiole, stem, flower, fruit, and seeds) from transgenic N. tabacum. In six transgenic lines (D4, D10, D31, D56, and D43), the transgenes were stably deleted in the T0 and T1 generations. Thus, the ‘Gene Deletor’ system is an efficient and reliable method to reduce pollen- and seed-mediated unintentional gene flow. This system might help to alleviate the food safety concerns associated with transgenic crops.
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Cauliflower mosaic virus
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Anthocyanin is the pigment that gives color in plant. Anthocyanin was extracted from plants to be manufactured as dyes, food coloring and pharmaceutical. This is because anthocyanin is an antioxidant agent. Mangosteen and dragon fruit were believed to contained the anthocyanin based on their color. This research is about comparison of anthocyanin content in mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn) and red dragon fruit ( hylocereus polyrhizus). The content of anthocyanin in both fruits was measured by using pH Differential Method. To use this method, anthocyanin must be extracted from peels of these fruits. Extraction of this anthocyanin then was diluted in different pH of buffers and the reading of absorbance has taken. This step is very important to calculate the exact anthocyanin content in the samples. There also changes in color during diluting the anthocyanin in different pH of buffer. The result showed the mangosteen sample has high reading of absorbance compared to dragon fruit sample. From this data, the mangosteen sample contained more anthocyanin molecules compared to red dragon fruit sample. The calculation from pH Differential method showed that average of anthocyanin content for mangosteen samples was 75.50 mg/L and average of anthocyanin content for dragon fruit was 38.825 mg/L. this result showed that anthocyanin content in the mangosteen was higher compared to red dragon fruit.
Garcinia Mangostana
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Grafting is a well-established agricultural practice, and it now has implications for the commercialization of transgenic plants. In transgrafted plants, only one part (scion or rootstock) is transgenic with the other part untransformed. However, transgenes may affect both mobile and immobile endogenous metabolites (e.g., RNAs, proteins, and phytohormones) and mobility has implications for transgrafting. In the phloem, long-distance transport of mobile metabolites can play important roles in plant development and signaling. In a transgrafted plant, an immobile transgene product (ITP) is not likely to be translocated across the graft union. In contrast, mobile transgene products (MTP) may be translocated across the graft. Regardless of the mobility of transgene products (TP), interaction of transgenic and nontransgenic parts in transgrafted plants through either the MTP or ITP has been demonstrated to be effective in facilitating changes in nontransgenic portions of the plant. Consequently, and particularly in fruit crops, transgrafting provides the potential for improving products from their nontransgenic parts with the possibility of minimizing the controversy over transgenic crops. This review focuses mainly on the mobility of TP and effects on the whole transgrafted plant.
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The correlations between antioxidation and anthocyanin content of dried mulberry fruit from 25 varieties were studied.The results indicated that the ranges of total antioxidant capacity(TAC),scavenging free radical of DPPH capacity(SFRC),anthocyanin contents were 17.80～57.17u/mL,84.5%～18.5%,2.33%～0.09%,respectively,displaying significant genotype difference.According to the hierachical cluster analysis,25 mulberry varieties could be clustered into 5 clusters which consist of 2,11,2,6,4 varieties,respectively.Significant correlations(P0.01) existed between TAC and anthocyanin contents and between SFRC and anthocyanin contents respectively.This shows that the antioxidation of mulberry fruit is closely correlated with its active compositions of anthocyanin.
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A study was undertaken to evaluate possible phenotypic alterations in transgenic tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi) plants expressing the oryzacystatin I gene. Morphophysiologic parameters, such as growth rate, biomass, and leaf, flower, and fruit characteristics were analyzed. Transgenic plants overexpressing the cysteine proteinase inhibitor showed increased growth rate and dry weight, earlier flowering, and increased numbers of flowers and seeds. These pleiotropic effects were correlated with expression level of oryzacystatin I in transgenic lines. The results suggest that oryzacystatin I disrupts the normal activity of cysteine proteinases, which are involved in important physiological processes.
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