Intimate Contact Could Be Dangerous for Your Health
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Keywords:
Kounis syndrome
Hypersensitivity reaction
Contact Allergy
Contact Allergy
Patch Testing
Phoenix
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Kounis syndrome
Hypersensitivity reaction
Contact Allergy
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Citations (3)
Contact allergy is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction that presents as an itchy skin rash, is frequent, and impairs quality of life. Patch testing diagnoses specific contact allergies by exposing individuals to a large range of contact allergens and forms the basis of epidemiological data. Epidemiological studies help identify groups at risk for developing contact allergy overall and to specific contact allergens.One common contact allergen is p-phenylenediamine, a chemical with good colouring properties present in both permanent hair dyes and henna tattoo, among other products. As a means of primary prevention of contact allergy to hair dyes, a less sensitizing chemical, 2-methoxyethoxy-p-phenylenediamine, has been developed. We found that for individuals already sensitized to p-phenylenediamine, 2-methoxyethoxy-p-phenylenediamine can’t be considered a safe alternative, although the threshold for elicitation was lower than for p-phenylenediamine. Patch testing, the diagnostic test for contact allergy, is performed often once, and as contact allergies are considered permanent, diagnosis of a contact allergy often necessitates avoidance for life. We found however that the persistence of positive reactions was only 67% in patients who were tested twice. Many individuals have more than one contact allergy. The prevalence of polysensitisation - three or more contact allergies to unrelated contact allergens - was found to be about 7% in patients included in a large European cohort. The majority were female and over the age of 40, implying (cumulative) exposure to be the likely explanation of polysensitisation.
Contact Allergy
Patch test
p-Phenylenediamine
Latex allergy
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Exposure to hair dye is the most frequent route of sensitisation to para-phenylenediamine (PPD), a common contact allergen. International studies have examined the profile of PPD, but Australian-sourced information is lacking. Patients are often dissatisfied with advice to stop dyeing their hair. This study examines patients' characteristics, patch test results and outcomes of PPD allergy from a single Australian centre, through a retrospective analysis of patch test data from 2006 to 2013 at the Liverpool Hospital Dermatology Department. It reviews the science of hair dye allergy, examines alternative hair dyes and investigates strategies for hair dyeing. Of 584 patients, 11 were allergic to PPD. Our PPD allergy prevalence rate of 2% is at the lower end of international reported rates. About half these patients also react to para-toluenediamine (PTD). Affected patients experience a significant lifestyle disturbance. In all, 78% tried alternative hair dyes after the patch test diagnosis and more than half continued to dye their hair. Alternative non-PPD hair dyes are available but the marketplace can be confusing. Although some patients are able to tolerate alternative hair dyes, caution is needed as the risk of developing an allergy to other hair dye ingredients, especially PTD, is high.
Hair dyes
p-Phenylenediamine
Contact Allergy
Patch test
Latex allergy
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Although pyoctanin is widely used in medicine, there are hardly any reports of contact allergy to it. Most reports of side‐effects refer to irritant reactions after topical application. We describe 2 patients who developed pyoctanin contact dermatitis after long‐term application on damaged skin, Positive patch test results down to concentrations of 0.0025% and 0.05% aqueous pyoctanin solution, respectively, were found.
Patch test
Contact Allergy
Irritant contact dermatitis
Patch Testing
Hand dermatitis
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Abstract Background p ‐Phenylenediamine ( PPD ) is the primary patch test screening agent for hair dye contact allergy, and approximately 100 different hair dye chemicals are allowed. Objectives To examine whether PPD is an optimal screening agent for diagnosing hair dye allergy or whether other clinically important sensitizers exist. Methods Two thousand nine hundred and thirty‐nine consecutive patients in 12 dermatology clinics were patch tested with five hair dyes available from patch test suppliers. Furthermore, 22 frequently used hair dye ingredients not available from patch test suppliers were tested in subgroups of ∼ 500 patients each. Results A positive reaction to PPD was found in 4.5% of patients, and 2.8% reacted to toluene‐2,5‐diamine ( PTD ), 1.8% to p ‐aminophenol, 1% to m ‐aminophenol, and 0.1% to resorcinol; all together, 5.3% (n = 156). Dying hair was the most frequently reported cause of the allergy (55.4%); so‐called ‘temporary henna’ tattoos were the cause in 8.5% of the cases. p ‐Methylaminophenol gave a reaction in 20 patients (2.2%), 3 of them with clinical relevance, and no co‐reaction with the above five well‐known hair dyes. Conclusions Hair dyes are the prime cause of PPD allergy. PPD identifies the majority of positive reactions to PTD , p ‐aminophenol and m ‐aminophenol, but not all, which justifies additional testing with hair dye ingredients from the used product.
Hair dyes
Contact Allergy
Patch test
p-Phenylenediamine
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In patients with vulval or anogenital dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis is more common than allergic contact dermatitis. The reported frequency and relevance of contact sensitivity in anogenital dermatitis varies greatly.To determine the frequency and relevance of contact sensitization in a Dutch group of female patients with chronic anogenital complaints.We reviewed patch test results of 53 women with chronic anogenital complaints, with sole vulval symptoms in 29 women and sole perianal in 5, in whom inflammatory skin diseases like lichen sclerosus, lichen planus, psoriasis, as well as infectious diseases were unlikely or excluded as a cause of their symptoms. All women were tested with the European baseline series plus additional test series according to their personal history.Thirty-five patients (66%) showed one or more positive test reactions. Seven of these patients (20%) had one or more clinically relevant positive reactions, most often to flavours and spices.A considerable number of patients with anogenital dermatitis have a contact sensitization. Clinically relevant reactions were mainly found to spices and flavours. This is in contrast to the data reported in the literature that shows most contact allergies in vulval patients to ingredients of topical medication.
Patch test
Contact Allergy
Irritant contact dermatitis
Clinical Significance
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839 patients were patch tested with a series of 31 plastics and glues allergens at a dermatologic clinic over a period of 7 years. 52 (6%) had a positive patch test reaction to 1 or more such allergens. Clinic charts of 47 patients (out of 52) were available for the study. All but 3 patients had dermatitis on their hands: 17 had only hand dermatitis. 25 (53%) patients' test results were of present or past relevance to their skin diseases. 11 patients (68%) with occupational allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and 14 (45%) with non-occupational dermatitis had relevant reactions. p-tertiary-butylphenol-formaldehyde resin was the most common allergen (9 cases). 7 patients reacted to diaminodiphenylmethane. 5 patients, who had colophony allergy, reacted to abietic acid and 4 to abitol. There was no reaction to 14 test substances. Special series, such as this plastics and glues series, reveal the cause of ACD less frequently than standard series. However, there is no other way to confirm allergy to these usually industrial allergens, which can also sensitize through non-occupational exposure during hobby working or through unpolymerized monomer left in the finished plastic product.
Patch test
Patch Testing
Abietic acid
p-Phenylenediamine
Hand dermatitis
Contact Allergy
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From 1989-1991, 214 patients (45 PD/AR, 54 PLE, 115 controls) were patch tested to a sunscreen series containing 9 constituents. 16/214 (7.5%) patients reacted to one or more sunscreens, with allergy being significantly more common in PD/AR patients (10/45 versus 2/54 PLE and 4/115 contact dermatitis clinic controls). The benzophenone group of sunscreens (mexenone, oxybenzone) were the most frequent sensitizers, accounting for 8 of the 27 positive patch tests observed. Clinicians should consider contact allergy to sunscreens in PD/AR patients as an explanation for exposed-site dermatitis episodes.
Contact Allergy
Photosensitivity
Patch Testing
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Summary Background Sorbitan sesquioleate ( SSO ) has been added to fragrance mix I ( FM I ) as an emulsifier since the 1990s. Being a contact allergen itself, SSO has the potential to cause false‐positive reactions to FM I . Recent results obtained with selected FM I ‐positive patients have shown that 5% have concomitant positive reactions to SSO . Objectives To investigate the 5‐year prevalence of contact allergy to SSO and evaluate the importance of SSO allergy when patch test results for FM I are interpreted. Methods This was a retrospective database study of consecutively patch tested eczema patients (n = 4 6 3 7) from 2010 to 2014. All patients were tested with our baseline series including FM I and SSO 20% in pet. Results Sensitization to SSO was identified in 9 (0.2%) patients. The proportion of FM I ‐positive patients with concomitant positive reactions to SSO was 1.4%. Conclusions SSO is a rare cause of contact allergy, with a 5‐year prevalence of 0.2% in consecutively tested patients. Contact allergy to the emulsifier does not play a major role when the overall frequency of contact allergy to FM I is evaluated. However, to correctly diagnose individual patients, concomitant patch testing with FM I and SSO is encouraged.
Contact Allergy
Patch Testing
Patch test
Irritant contact dermatitis
Contact urticaria
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