The Kamlet‐Jacobs Parameter φ: A Measure of Intrinsic Detonation Potential
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Abstract It was shown by Kamlet and Jacobs that an explosive's detonation velocity D and detonation pressure P D are governed largely by (a) the loading density of the explosive, and (b) a factor φ that depends upon the number and masses of gaseous detonation products and the accompanying heat release. For a series of different explosives, we show that the density and φ are both important in determining D and P D . For a given explosive, however, φ is approximately constant and so D and P D correlate quite well with the density, as has long been known. We propose that φ be interpreted as a measure of the intrinsic detonation potential of an explosive, that is independent of the external factors that affect the loading density. Comparison of φ values for different explosives can provide useful insights into features that promote high detonation velocities and detonation pressures. The parameter φ is related to a property introduced earlier, explosive power, but φ takes into account the fact that part of the carbon content of an explosive typically remains as a residue after the detonation process.Keywords:
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Abstract In order to characterize the initial phase of the divergent detonation wave in PBX, a hemispheric explosive sample was initiated by a long cylindrical charge of the same explosive. The tested PBX is composed of 85 wt% of RDX and 15 wt% of binder based on HTPB. This PBX‐RDX presents an effective density of 1.57 g/cm 3 , and a detonation velocity of 7.90 mm/μs.
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Explosives are energy materials used for a variety of purposes. Knowledge of the particular characteristics of commercial explosives and their correlation makes it possible to determine the scope of use. The curvature of the detonation front of a nonideal detonation explosive is one of the parameters that determines the degree of nonideality of the detonation process. Its size also determines the critical diameter of the explosive and affects the detonation velocity and detonation pressure. The curvature of the detonation front of a nonideal detonation explosive can be measured and calculated using models and formulas. The paper gives an overview of methods for measuring the curvature of the detonation front of nonideal detonation explosives, ie mathematical calculation models.
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Abstract It was shown by Kamlet and Jacobs that an explosive's detonation velocity D and detonation pressure P D are governed largely by (a) the loading density of the explosive, and (b) a factor φ that depends upon the number and masses of gaseous detonation products and the accompanying heat release. For a series of different explosives, we show that the density and φ are both important in determining D and P D . For a given explosive, however, φ is approximately constant and so D and P D correlate quite well with the density, as has long been known. We propose that φ be interpreted as a measure of the intrinsic detonation potential of an explosive, that is independent of the external factors that affect the loading density. Comparison of φ values for different explosives can provide useful insights into features that promote high detonation velocities and detonation pressures. The parameter φ is related to a property introduced earlier, explosive power, but φ takes into account the fact that part of the carbon content of an explosive typically remains as a residue after the detonation process.
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With the purpose of researching the defects' influence on detonation velocity of melting-cast explosive,the detonation velocities of RDX/TNT melting-cast explosives with different kind of defects in charge were studied using experimental method.It is found that the defects in different components lead to different influences on detonation velocity,and the defects in TNT decrease the detonation velocity to the great extent.So the defects removal in TNT should be emphasized to ensure high performance of explosive.By inference,the key factor is the size of defects is the key factor to weaken the performance of explosive.Considering the experimental results,the ω-Г equation could be modified and the new equation would materialize the relationship between component density and detonation velocity.
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On the common circumstances the detonation of explosives has a steady propagation rate and can be satisfactorily explained by Chapman-Jouguet's theory on this phenomenon. Hence, this type of detonation is more frequently called the Chapman- Jouguet (C-J) detonation. The detonation properties such as pressure, density, and temperature, of the detonation products are often characterized as the C-J values of the explosive that represent the corresponding maximums of the variables in the detonation products. However, when an explosive is initiated in some special ways, for instance, high velocity impact of a flyer plate, a strong detonation with properties higher than C-J values will be induced in the explosive. This strong detonation is what we called the overdriven detonation of explosive. The use of overdriven detonation expects to provide much more work to the surrounding matter than does the common C-J detonation. In order to have a basic knowledge of this detonation phenomenon, we designate an experimental set- up for the purpose of acquiring the overdriven detonation in high explosive. The set-up uses a circular metal plate accelerated by a piece of cylinder explosive (donor) to impact another cylinder explosive (acceptor), inducing a detonation wave in the acceptor explosive. The donor explosive used is PBX (85%wt HMX and 15%wt binder) explosive cylinder that has the detonation velocity of 7.84 km/s and the detonation pressure of 25.24 GPa and the acceptor explosive cylinder is SEP (65%wt PETN and 35%wt paraffin) with the detonation velocity of 6.97 km/s and the detonation pressure of 15.9 GPa. The impactor is the copper disc with the same diameter of the donor explosive and 1 mm and 2 mm thicknesses respectively. The detonations occurred in the acceptor explosive from the impact of copper flyer were recorded by the high-speed camera (IMACON 790). The photographs make us possible to estimate the detonation velocities from the distance and time data on them. In addition, we also make a numerical visualization on this phenomenon using a 2-D Lagrangian hydrodynamic code. The calculation, to somewhat extent, reproduces the consequences of the current experimental results.
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Based on the ideal composite explosive proposed in this paper, the quantitative relation between detonation velocity of ideal composite explosive Did and detonation velocity D and mass fraction W, of pure explosive was discovered, and a new method was developed that can be used to predict the detonation velocity of composite explosives. 1D id =W 1D 1+W 2D 2+...+W mD m =iW iD i The calculated results showed that the calculated detonation velocities were in good agreement with the experimental data, and the mean relative deviation was 1.90%. The methods developed in this paper can be used not only to predict the detonation velocity of composite explosives, but also to help the study of the high composite explosives.
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A new type of emulsion explosive used to prepare nano-MnFe2O4 powders via detonation method was prepared,the parameters of the preparation process,detonation velocities and characteristics of the explosives were discussed,tested and researched respectively.Results indicated that the preparing process of the emulsion explosives was more rigid than that of traditional emulsion explosives.However,pure emulsion base could not be detonated by detonator except of adding some RDX as sensitizer.Detonation velocity test indicated that the emulsion explosives had relatively lager critical detonation diameter(32mm) and could be stably detonated with the velocities closed to those of traditional explosives.The detonation state of the emulsion explosives could be judged and evaluated by detonation products,and the structural uniformity of detonation reaction could be improved by adding ammonium nitrate in the oxidants of the explosives.
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It is well known that detonation velocity and loading density of high explosive exhibits linear relationship for various explosives. Using this linear relationship, in a previous paper we proposed EOS for detonation products which could applied to arbitrary initial density without changing parameter set. This paper reports the results of applying the proposed method to RDX, PETN and TNT.
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Abstract A new explosive ink based on 2,6‐diamino‐3,5‐dinitropyrazine‐1‐oxide (LLM‐105) was designed and prepared. The explosive ink was deposited into micro‐size grooves by using direct ink writing (DIW) technology and its detonation properties in an explosive network were explored. The properties of impact sensitivity, detonation velocity and critical size of detonation were determined and analyzed. The results show that this explosive has a good impact safety. When the LLM‐105 content is 88 % and the density is 95 % TMD, the detonation velocity and critical size of detonation values are 7,771 m/s and 0.5×0.5 mm respectively. Moreover detonation velocity results indicated the explosive ink in micro‐size grooves loaded by DIW was uniform.
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