Staff perceptions of the emergency department working environment: An international cross‐sectional survey
Julia CrillyJaimi GreensladeAmy N.B. JohnstonEric CarlströmOgilvie ThomLouisa AbrahamDonna MillsMarianne Wallis
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Abstract Objectives The aims of this study were to describe clinical staff perceptions of their ED working environment and to explore associations between staff demographics, coping styles and the work environment. Methods A cross‐sectional study was conducted in one Swedish ED and two Australian EDs in 2015–2016. Descriptive statistics were used to explore stressors, coping styles and aspects of the working environment for the combined cohort and the cohort split by age, sex, professional role, years of employment in the ED and country. Regression analyses examined the impact of coping style and demographic characteristics on staff perceptions of the working environment. Results Two hundred and six ED staff completed the survey (response rate: 64%). Factors most stressful for ED staff included death or sexual abuse of a child, heavy workload and poor skill mix. Staff perceptions of the working environment differed based on age, sex, country, tenure and job role. Regression analysis of perceptions of the work environment on demographics and coping strategies revealed that negative coping strategies were associated with low self‐realisation, high workload, high conflict and high nervousness. Active coping and positive thinking were associated with increased self‐realisation. Positive thinking was associated with lower levels of conflict. Conclusions Employees engaging in positive coping strategies had more positive perceptions of the work environment, while those engaging in maladaptive coping strategies reported negative perceptions of the work environment. These data suggest that strategies that promote the use of active coping and positive thinking should be encouraged and warrant further research in the ED.Keywords:
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Abstract Stressors are associated with higher subjective ages, but the role of forecasting and coping with future stressors is unknown. 223 adults (107 aged 18-36, 116 aged 60-90) reported their subjective age, forecasts of next-day health stressors, and anticipatory coping with next-day health stressors each day for eight consecutive days. There was no main effect of forecasting, but increases in plan rehearsal coping were associated with increases in felt age. In contrast, increases in problem analysis coping were associated with decreases in felt age. Daily forecasting and coping also interacted with each other. On days with low plan rehearsal or low problem analysis, there was no association between forecasting of health stressors and subjective age. However, on days with high plan rehearsal or high problem analysis, increases in forecasting ratings were associated with increases in subjective age. Forecasting and coping with future stressors may play a role in subjective aging.
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Thirty-nine school-age children and adolescents with cancer in remission completed the Children's Stress Inventory (CSI) and a cancer-related stress and coping measure (McCabe & Weisz, 1988) that elicited information about their life stressors and coping strategies. Children identified a range of stressors including general life and cancer-related stress, but general life stressors accounted for the majority of their perceived stress. Children were not consistent across cancer-related and non-cancer-related stressful situations, except for their use of intrapsychic coping strategies. Compared with school-age children, adolescents used more emotion-management and less problem-solving coping strategies when faced with cancer-related stressors, but not when dealing with non-cancer-related stress. When coping with cancer-related stress, females used more emotion-management and less problem-solving strategies than males. Findings have implications for refinement of measures and future research.
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The aim of this study was to compare the workload between tasks undertaken manually and those with the assistance of mechanical devices. The results indicate that the workload during the tasks assisted by mechanisation was usually very low or relatively low. Statistical analysis showed the impact of the way of the work performance on the workload. However, the results also indicate that the workload is not evenly distributed: the effort relating to the working tasks is larger in relation to the work of women than men. The need for mechanisation of the tasks performed by women is higher than that for the mechanisation of tasks performed by men. The type of work performance (manual, or technically assisted) did not clearly show significant differences in the workload. This surprising result indicates that the technical devices used on many farms are still far from perfect. It is concluded that assisting work with mechanical devices reduces the workload of farmers, but the way of work performance (manual or mechanical) was not statistically significant.
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This paper examines the impact that demographics have on policy outcomes. The impact that aldermanic ward‐level demographics have on the number of liquor licenses is measured in two US cities. In one city there is a great deal of direct resident involvement in the issuance process, while in the other city, issuance decisions are handled by elected representatives. This research does find that demographics have a significant impact on policy outcomes. However, the paper does not find a significant difference in outcomes between decisions made by elected representatives and those made by the community.
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Abstract According to the Person × Situation theoretical framework, people adjust their coping to address the unique challenges of encountered stressors. Whether their strategies fit or appropriately address these stressor challenges influences adjustment. We examined the fit between pre-treatment stressors reported by hematological cancer patients awaiting allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (alloBMT) and their coping responses. Stressors were categorized as controllable versus uncontrollable; coping responses were categorized as problem- versus emotion-focused versus mixed (i.e., elements of both coping types). We hypothesized that patients would employ coping responses that fit the controllability of stressors (i.e., a match between stressor and coping response): problem-focused coping for controllable stressors and emotion-focused coping for uncontrollable stressors. In qualitative interviews, pre-BMT patients (10 men, 7 women) described encountered stressors and how they coped with them. Every reported stressor was linked with its associated coping response, resulting in a stressor–coping pair. We determined the proportion of total stressor–coping pairs in which the coping response matched the controllability of its linked stressor. Most stressor–coping pairs involving uncontrollable stressors showed the hypothesized match with emotion-focused or mixed coping. Contrary to hypotheses, fewer stressor–coping pairs that involved controllable stressors matched with problem-focused or mixed coping. Rather, these pairs were more likely to link controllable stressors with emotion-focused coping (i.e., mismatch between stressor controllability and type of coping). AlloBMT candidates may appraise the pre-treatment stage, globally, as permitting very little control. Coping efforts may consequently emphasize regulation of negative emotions (i.e., emotion-focused coping).
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The goodness of fit among the appraised changeability of a stressor, coping, and depression in people with psychiatric, physical health, work, and family problems was examined (N = 746). It was expected that problem-focused coping (as opposed to emotion-focused coping) would be used more and be more adaptive in situations appraised as changeable as compared with situations appraised as not changeable. Although few relationships existed between appraisal and coping, tests of fit between coping and depressed mood (maladaption) were much stronger. In people with nonpsychiatric conditions, problem-focused coping and depressed mood were negatively related when a stressor was appraised as changeable but were unrelated when a stressor was appraised as not changeable. Emotion-focused coping was positively related to depression when a stressor was appraised as changeable. No general relations were observed in the people with psychiatric conditions.
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This longitudinal study examines the situational specificity of coping strategies for 3943 male employees of the research and development division of an industrial company. The Job Stress Scale-Revised version (JSS-R) was administered twice to the same subjects 40 months apart to assess chronic job stressors (qualitative and quantitative) and coping strategies (problem-solving, support-seeking, and problem-leaving). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine changes in coping strategies corresponding to changes in chronic job stressors. The results suggest a situational specificity of coping strategies. (a) With decreasing qualitative stressors, “problem-solving” coping increases and “problem-leaving” coping decreases. (b) With increasing qualitative stressors, “problem-leaving” coping increases and “problem-solving” coping decreases. (c) With increasing quantitative stressors, “support-seeking” coping increases. (d) With decreasing quantitative stressors, “problem-leaving” coping decreases. (e) There is no variance in “problem-leaving” coping attributable to the change in the quantitative stressors when the qualitative stressors decrease or increase. “Problem-leaving” coping is more strongly related to qualitative than quantitative stressors.
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The students of City Institute of Dalian University of Technology are sampled by using Psychological Crisis Stressors and Coping Style scales.The independent college students′psychological crisis stressors and coping style under every factor influence are analyzed,and correlation analysis is made on psychological crisis stressors and coping style.Some valuable suggestions are proposed for independent college students′psychological crisis stressors and coping style.
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Driver mental workload is an often studied concept, however less attention is given to the question of transitions in driver workload. Fourteen adult drivers completed a simulated driving task following a navigation system which would fail at certain intervals. Subjective measures of driver workload were taken and demonstrate that the recovery from a driving stressor is asymmetrical and time-delayed. Drivers' subjective ratings of workload remained high after the stressors were removed. Findings and implications are discussed.
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Teacher Workload Measure is an important indicator of teaching and research work of teachers.Teacher workload is art important part of the management.In this paper,in view of the needs of teaching workload management in colleges,and in combination with the workload management process of Jixi University,the paper introduces the design and implementation of teacher workload management system using VB language design and program.
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