Questions of true incidence and prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents
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There are presented data of the study of the prevalence rate of obesity in children and adolescents residing in the city of Ivanteevka of the Moscow region. Indices of the prevalence rate of obesity were calculated per 1000 in child population of the appropriate age. The obesity in children and adolescents in the structure of endocrine diseases was found to be ranked as second. During the period from 2000 to 2013 there was revealed a consistent upward trend in the frequency of obesity in children. There was shown a possibility for the existence of regional features of the prevalence of obesity in children. The low incidence rate of the detection of obesity in children of the Moscow region may be caused by underdiagnosis of this form ofpathology. On the basis of own data the authors showed that the true prevalence rate of the obesity in children is much higher than the official data according to medical help seeking by patients. However, only 26.6% of children and adolescents with obesity are observed and receive treatment at the pediatric endocrinologist. This demonstrates the needfor increment in the medical activity and responsibility of children and parents, enhancement of their motivation in keeping healthy lifestyle, as well as improvement of the efficiency of the prevention of obesity by medical staff of children's polyclinics.Keywords:
Prevalence
Severe obesity
The effect of population structure on five-year age-specific incidence rates was investigated using the one-year population data from life tables and a theoretical age incidence curve of the form: I = btk - where I is the incidence at age t, and b and k are constants. The five-year incidence rates differed systematically from the one-year rates of the central year of the five-year period. This difference depended on the change with age of both the population size and the incidence rate. Thus at ages 20-24 the five-year rate overestimates the mid-period one-year rate by about 4%, but the overestimate progressively decreases to become an underestimate of 0.5% at ages 75-79. In consequence the one-year and five-year rates produce fitted age incidence curves with different slopes; the value of k in the incidence equation is about 0.7% greater for the one-year rates. The population structures of developed and underdeveloped countries are markedly different and these were found to affect the five-year incidence rates, but never by more than 0.5%. The effect of the irregularities in one-year age structure of real populations on the observed five-year rates is also small, of the order of 0.5%. However, when incidence rates are calculated by recording tumours over several calendar years, these irregularities can create difficulties for the estimation of the appropriate denominator population. The use of the census population, even that of the central year of the observation period, can be in error by over 2%. A good method is to calculate the mean annual population of the observation period, estimating the intercensal year populations by interpolation between flanking censuses.
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To describe trends in the prevalence of obesity and overweight in English adults.Analysis of nationally representative cross-sectional population surveys. Sociodemographic information was gathered by an interviewer-administered questionnaire and measurements of height and weight were used to calculate the prevalence of obesity and overweight.A total of 61 515 men and 69 733 women aged 16-65 years participating in the annual Health Survey for England between 1991 and 2006.When the 4-year periods 1991/94 and 2003/06 were compared, male and female obesity had risen by 8.2 % and 6.0 %, and male and female overweight had risen by 8.8 % and 7.4 %. However, the rate of increase appears to be slowing down: the increases between 1995/98 and 1999/02 were greater than those between 1999/02 and 2003/06. There was relatively little variation across the age range in the average changes in obesity or overweight prevalence between time periods, except that the increase in male obesity between periods was significantly greater for older than younger males. When the subjects were divided into 10-year pseudo birth cohorts, it was seen that the prevalence of obesity and overweight was consistently higher at a given average age for pseudo cohorts born more recently. This agreed with data from two British cohort studies.Obesity and overweight continued to rise over the study period, but there are signs that the rate of increase is slowing down, even though the prevalence is consistently higher for a given age in cohorts born more recently.
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Alberta Health Care Insurance Plan (AHCIP) data were used to calculate prevalence and incidence rates for multiple sclerosis (MS) in the general population of Alberta from 1990 to 2004. Multiple sclerosis prevalence rose steadily each year over this time period, from 217.6/100,000 individuals in 1990 to 357.6/100,000 in 2004. Multiple sclerosis incidence fluctuated with a slight increase from 1990 to 2004, at 20.9/100,000 and 23.9/100,000, respectively. Age-specific prevalence rates were higher between ages 30 and 60 in 2004 than in 1990. The pattern of age-specific incidence rates was similar in 1990 and 2004, with a slight shift toward diagnosis in younger years. Gender-specific prevalence rates were higher for females in both 1990 and 2004, with a greater increase in females (43%) than males (29%). Gender-specific incidence rates were higher for females than males in both years, but there was no differential increase in incidence by gender from 1990 to 2004. The 2004 Alberta MS prevalence rate remains among the highest reported worldwide. Both increasing incidence and longer duration have likely contributed to increasing MS prevalence in the province.
Prevalence
McDonald criteria
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Objective:To understand the prevalence of simple obesity in children under 7 years old in Fujian,provide a basis for health administrative departments to make intervention measures.Methods:Stratified cluster sampling method was adopted to survey 8 058 children aged 0～7 years old in 9 epidemiological investigation places,according to weight for height WHO/NCHS standards,over than 20% was obese.Results:519 children under 7 years old were obese,the detection rate was 6.4%;the proportions of mild,moderate and severe obesity were 4.4%,1.7% and 0.3%,respectively,the prevalence of mild obesity was the highest;the prevalence of obesity varied among 9 epidemiological investigation places,the prevalence of mild obesity in Fuzhou was the highest(7.0%),followed by Xiamen(6.3%),the incidences of mild obesity in Fuan,Xiangcheng and Huian were moderate,the incidences of mild obesity in Jiangle,Xianyou and Liancheng were low,accounting for 0.8%~3.2%,the prevalence of mild obesity in Jiangle was the lowest;among different regions,the incidence of obesity in cities was the highest(8.7%),followed by coastal areas(5.0%) and mountainous areas(4.7%);the detection rate of obesity in 0～6-month group was the highest(18.9%),followed by 6-month group(5.8%),then the detection rate decreased at 12 months,the detection rate in 2~4-year group was 4%,increased significantly at 5 years(6.1%),the detection rate in 6~7-year group was up to 8%.Conclusion:The prevalence of simple obesity in children under 7 years old in Fujian is high,preventing and treating simple obesity effectively are important tasks of children' health care;the key point is city,the age groups of intervention are the children less than 6 months and the children aged 5~7 years old.
Prevalence
Health examination
Severe obesity
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There are presented data of the study of the prevalence rate of obesity in children and adolescents residing in the city of Ivanteevka of the Moscow region. Indices of the prevalence rate of obesity were calculated per 1000 in child population of the appropriate age. The obesity in children and adolescents in the structure of endocrine diseases was found to be ranked as second. During the period from 2000 to 2013 there was revealed a consistent upward trend in the frequency of obesity in children. There was shown a possibility for the existence of regional features of the prevalence of obesity in children. The low incidence rate of the detection of obesity in children of the Moscow region may be caused by underdiagnosis of this form ofpathology. On the basis of own data the authors showed that the true prevalence rate of the obesity in children is much higher than the official data according to medical help seeking by patients. However, only 26.6% of children and adolescents with obesity are observed and receive treatment at the pediatric endocrinologist. This demonstrates the needfor increment in the medical activity and responsibility of children and parents, enhancement of their motivation in keeping healthy lifestyle, as well as improvement of the efficiency of the prevention of obesity by medical staff of children's polyclinics.
Prevalence
Severe obesity
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To investigate the prevalence and distributing feature of overweight and obesity in Han, Uygur and Hazakh population in adults from Xinjiang.Four-stage selected random samples with maternal age at 35 or over were used to analyze the prevalence and distributing feature of self-reported congestive heart failure in different nationalities, age, sex. The sampled adult population were collected from 6 localities (Urumqi, Kelamayi, Fukang, the Turfan Basin locality, Hetian locality, Yili Hazakh autonomous prefecture), 23 municipalities and 7 locality and 5 autonomous counties in Xinjiang.16 460 people were surveyed. The prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were 36.1% and 26.9% in Han, Uygur and Hazakh population in Xinjiang, respectively from February, 2007. The prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were 41.4% and 18.4% in Han population, 34.9% and 28.9% in Uygur population, but 32.8% and 40.1% in Hazakh population. The prevalence rate of overweight and obesity was higher in males (χ(2) = 135.00, P < 0.05). The prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were different between different ethnic groups (χ(2) = 338.232, P < 0.05). The prevalence of overweight was highest in Han population, with the highest seen in Hazakh population. The prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were increasing with age (χ(2) = 246.80, P < 0.05). The overweight rate in 45-54 year olds and the obesity rate in 55-64 year olds reached their peak values. Results from logistic regression model analyses indicated that the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Xinjiang were statistically associated with age, educational level, jobs, smoking and alcohol consumption.The prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were much higher in the population of Xinjiang but different among ethnicities. The prevalence of overweight was the highest in Han male population and the rate of obesity in Hazakh male population was the highest.
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Demographic, socioeconomic, and urbanization level variations in Parkinson's disease (PD) are rarely investigated, especially in Asia. This study describes an eight-year trend in PD incidence and prevalence in Taiwan as well as assessing the effects of sociodemographics and urbanization on the incidence and prevalence of PD. The data analyzed were acquired from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) entries between 2002 and 2009. The calendar year, sex, and age-specific rates were standardized, and the effects of the sociodemographics and urbanization on PD were assessed using Poisson regression analysis. PD incidence and prevalence showed a significantly increasing trend, with a greater magnitude noted for prevalence than for incidence (87.3% versus 9.2%). The PD incidence and prevalence increased with age and were slightly higher in men than in women. The people who were not under the labor force (i.e., dependents) or with lower monthly incomes were at significantly increased adjusted incidence rate ratio (1.50-1.56) and adjusted prevalence rate ratio (1.66-1.71) of PD. Moreover, significantly higher PD incidence and prevalence were noted in areas with lesser urbanization. This information emphasizes the need for preventive and clinical care strategies targeting the segment of Taiwanese population that exhibited a greater incidence and prevalence of PD.
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Obesity occurring earlier than 2 years of age is categorized as "benign" childhood obesity. In other words, no treatment is required for this type of obesity, and its course can simply be followed without any particular intervention. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether early infantile obesity is actually benign childhood obesity.The stature (length) and weight growth distance curves and growth velocity curves were determined for an obese infant (patient A), of his parents in infancy, and of his younger sister to determine whether their obesity in infancy was the benign childhood obesity. These data were also compared with other obese infants and those of normal infants.Patient A's weight growth velocity declined until the age of 6 months and was then constant from 7 months onward. Because patient A's weight growth velocity curve followed the same pattern as that seen in a normal infant, despite differing in degree, the reason why this patient became obese in early infancy was probably insufficient deceleration of his weight growth velocity compared to that of a normal infant. In addition, the weight growth patterns and growth velocities of his parents and young sister during infancy were similar to those of the patient.The present four subjects had benign childhood obesity. In addition, six other cases of infantile obesity have been encountered at the authors' pediatric outpatient clinic. The clinical characteristics of infantile obesity are discussed.
Growth chart
Sister
Severe obesity
Outpatient clinic
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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is thought to be rare among North American aboriginals, although few population-based frequency studies have been conducted. Data from government health databases were used to describe the incidence of MS among First Nations aboriginal people in the province of Alberta compared to the general population from 1994 to 2002. The general population rates were consistently higher than First Nations rates, but were essentially stable across this time span for both groups. For First Nations the MS incidence was 7.6 per 100,000 and 20.6 per 100,000 for the general population in 2002. During 2000–2002 for First Nations the incidence was 12.7 for females and 7.6 for males, with a female-to-male ratio of 1.7:1. During the same period the general population incidence was 32.2 for females and 12.7 for males, with a female-to-male ratio of 2.5:1. The peak incidence for both First Nations and the general population of Alberta was in the age group 30–39 years in 2002. The high incidence rates are consistent with high prevalence rates reported for both groups in 2002: 99.9 per 100,000 for First Nations and 335.0 per 100,000 for the general population. While the MS incidence in First Nations people is lower than in the general population of Alberta, it is not rare by worldwide standards.
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