Conductive Iron Oxides Promote Methanogenic Acetate Degradation by Microbial Communities in a High-Temperature Petroleum Reservoir
Souichiro KatoKaoru WadaWataru KitagawaDaisuke MayumiMasayuki IkarashiTeruo SoneKozo AsanoYoichi Kamagata
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Supplementation with conductive magnetite particles promoted methanogenic acetate degradation by microbial communities enriched from the production water of a high-temperature petroleum reservoir. A microbial community analysis revealed that Petrothermobacter spp. (phylum Deferribacteres), known as thermophilic Fe(III) reducers, predominated in the magnetite-supplemented enrichment, whereas other types of Fe(III) reducers, such as Thermincola spp. and Thermotoga spp., were dominant under ferrihydrite-reducing conditions. These results suggest that magnetite induced interspecies electron transfer via electric currents through conductive particles between Petrothermobacter spp. and methanogens. This is the first evidence for possible electric syntrophy in high-temperature subsurface environments.Keywords:
Ferrihydrite
Degradation
Supplementation with conductive magnetite particles promoted methanogenic acetate degradation by microbial communities enriched from the production water of a high-temperature petroleum reservoir. A microbial community analysis revealed that Petrothermobacter spp. (phylum Deferribacteres), known as thermophilic Fe(III) reducers, predominated in the magnetite-supplemented enrichment, whereas other types of Fe(III) reducers, such as Thermincola spp. and Thermotoga spp., were dominant under ferrihydrite-reducing conditions. These results suggest that magnetite induced interspecies electron transfer via electric currents through conductive particles between Petrothermobacter spp. and methanogens. This is the first evidence for possible electric syntrophy in high-temperature subsurface environments.
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The microbial community structure of soils with different elevations was analyzed by phospholipid fatty acid biomarker method(PLFA)to probe change feature of microorganism community of soil for T.matsutake growth and to provide the theoretical basis for development and utilization of T.matsutakein Heilongjiang.The results showed that the amount of Gram-negative bacteria and fungi in soil is middle partupper parttop partlower part(P0.05),the amount of Gram-positive bacteria,fungi-bacteria ratio and phospholipid fatty acid in soil is middle partupper parttop partlower part,the actinomycetes amount in soil is upper partmiddle parttop partlower part(P0.05),the Grampositive bacteria-Gram-negative bacteria ratio is top partlower partupper partmiddle part,and soil microbial diversity index is middle part upper part top part lower part.There is significant difference in soil microbial community structure between different elevations according to the results of principal component analysis.
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Activating nutrients was designed for Zhongyi block in Shengli Oil Field according to the character of stratal water, which could stimulate indigenous microorganisms effectively,and keep Sulfate Reducing Bacteria under 50 cells·mL-1,where acetate and methane produced by microbe were 346 mg·L-1 and 5%,respectively.15 different genuses of indigenous microorganisms were detected by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis and sequencing,most of which were thermophilic anaerobes.Some bacteria could produce low molecular weight organic acids,CO2 and H2,which could be used as substrates by other bacteria and archaea,all of these microorganisms form an entire ecology system under physical simulation conditions.
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The morphological and biochemical properties were investigated for 18 types of thermophilic bacteria isolated from a woody-chip pile at a wood processing plant in Northern Russia. Genetic fingerprinting and 16S rRNA identification were used to divide the investigated microorganisms into groups according to their genetic affiliation. It was found that the isolated bacteria belonged to a minimally studied genus of Parageobacillus and exhibited optimum temperature and pH in the ranges of 57 to 60 °С and 7.0 to 8.5, respectively. The amylase activity was determined for all of the 18 isolated strains. Catalytic properties of the bacteria-produced xylanases were evaluated with respect to their activity towards xylan and xylan-containing carbon substrates. Biotechnological potential of the two most promising bacterial strains (Parageobacillus caldoxylosilyticus and Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius) and their possible use in xylanase production was evaluated. The results showed that bacteria present in the chipped woody waste is an important source of thermoalkalophilic enzymes.
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During bioleaching, different types of mixed bacteria interact and cooperate with each other to improve their metabolic activities and increase the metal extracting rate. The synergy types of microorganisms, such as the synergy of iron-oxidizing bacteria and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, the synergy of autotrophic bacteria and heterotrophic bacteria, the synergy of adsorbed bacteria and free bacteria and the synergy of mesophilic bacteria and thermophilic bacteria and the mechanism of their interactions were reviewed. And the synergy and mineral dissolution ways during bioleaching were discussed, the research methods of the synergy and the roles of important metabolites were discussed.
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Iron bacteria
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Details of a method to isolate culturable bacteria and fungi from carpet dust were evaluated to isolate the greatest numbers of these agents. Four broad groups were evaluated: mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria and moderately hydrophilic and xerophilic fungi. Features studied included: 1) mixing time; 2) addition of glass beads; 3) length of time dust settled before suspensions were plated; 4) relative concentrations of microorganisms in the fibrous and fine dust fractions; and 5) storage temperature and period. The findings are preliminary because of the small number of samples, but a votexing time of at least 2 min with glass beads gave the best results in terms of the highest estimate of the concentration of culturable bacteria or fungi. Microorganisms were retrievable-from the upper portion of a suspending liquid for at least 30 min with little detectable change in concentration. Both bacteria and fungi were more abundant in the fine than the fibrous dust fraction. No significant losses were observed for samples stored up to 25 days at 5 degrees C or 25 degrees C. This procedure optimized measurement of total concentration, but may not identify the range of genera and species in dust if microorganisms present in small numbers and as single units are underrepresented relative to those in clusters and aggregates.
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The addition of ferrihydrite to methanogenic microbial communities obtained from a thermophilic anaerobic digester suppressed methanogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. The amount of reducing equivalents consumed by the reduction of iron was significantly smaller than that expected from the decrease in the production of CH4, which suggested that competition between iron-reducing microorganisms and methanogens was not the most significant cause for the suppression of methanogenesis. Microbial community analyses revealed that the presence of ferrihydrite markedly affected the bacterial composition, but not the archaeal composition. These results indicate that the presence of ferrihydrite directly and indirectly suppresses thermophilic methanogenesis.
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The addition of ferrihydrite to methanogenic microbial communities obtained from a thermophilic anaerobic digester suppressed methanogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. The amount of reducing equivalents consumed by the reduction of iron was significantly smaller than that expected from the decrease in the production of CH 4, which suggested that competition between iron-reducing microorganisms and methanogens was not the most significant cause for the suppression of methanogenesis. Microbial community analyses revealed that the presence of ferrihydrite markedly affected the bacterial composition, but not the archaeal composition. These results indicate that the presence of ferrihydrite directly and indirectly suppresses thermophilic methanogenesis.
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