Quantitative investigation of Enteromyxum leei (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) infection and relative condition factor in cultured olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck and Schlegel)
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Enteromyxum leei has been reported to cause emaciation disease in various fish species. To determine the effect of parasite intensity on cultured olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, we investigated the relationship between the relative condition factor (rCF = CF/standard CF × 100) and parasite load with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and the challenge test. A total of 57 cultured olive flounders were obtained from 11 fish farms and divided into five groups based on their rCF. We investigated the parasite intensity in the posterior intestine of the fish. The parasite load was closely matched to severe loss of body weight. In addition, olive flounders were inoculated either orally or anally with intestinal scrapings of infected fish or phosphate-buffered saline. The fish were reared at natural water temperature and transferred to different tanks, and the water temperature was adjusted to 20°C after 6 weeks of inoculation. When the water temperature was increased to 20°C, the rCF decreased in the experimentally infected group. The results demonstrated that qPCR can be utilized to determine the relative abundance of E. leei in olive flounders and water temperature is an important factor to track the progress of the emaciation disease.Keywords:
Paralichthys
Olive flounder
Myxozoa
Myxosporea
Emaciation
Parasite load
Trichodina
Since Kudoa septempuntata was identified as a causative agent of food poisoning associated with raw olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, interest and concern regarding the parasite have increased. However, there have been no investigations or reports of other Kudoa species infecting the fish (except for K. paralichthys, which infects the brain) in Korea. We found cysts filled with myxospores of Kudoa species in muscles of cultured olive flounder specimens and identified these to the species level. Mature spores were quadrate, measuring 8.7±0.5 μm in length, 9.2±0.4 μm in thickness, and 12.9±0.6 μm in width. The spores containing 4 polar capsules had a length of 2.1±0.2 μm and a width of 1.8±0.3 μm. The partial 18S and 28S rDNA of isolates showed 99-100% similarities with K. ogawai. Using these morphological and molecular analyses, the species was identified as K. ogawai. This study is the first report of K. ogawai infection in cultured olive flounder in Korea.
Paralichthys
Olive flounder
Myxosporea
Myxozoa
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The myxosporean emaciation disease has been recently found in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus cultured in land-based tanks in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan. Affected fish showed external signs of distended abdomen, rectal prolapse, sunken eyes and a typical bony ridge on the skull. Parasitological and histopathological examinations revealed that the developmental stages of Enteromyxum Ieei parasitized the intestinal epithelium of diseased fish. No other enteric myxozoans were observed in the affected fish. A molecular analysis of SSU rDNA confirmed that the causative myxozoan was identified as E. leei. Experimental transmission of E. leei was achieved to naive Japanese flounder and tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes by feeding with gut tissues taken from infected Japanese flounder. The present study indicates that the myxosporean emaciation disease of Japanese flounder is caused by E. leei.
Emaciation
Paralichthys
Myxozoa
Takifugu rubripes
Myxosporea
Olive flounder
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DAO Diseases of Aquatic Organisms Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsSpecials DAO 55:59-63 (2003) - doi:10.3354/dao055059 Light- and electron-microscope description of Kudoa paralichthys n. sp. (Myxozoa, Myxosporea) from the brain of cultured olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in Korea Jae Bum Cho, Ki Hong Kim* Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Pusan 608-737, South Korea *Corresponding author. Email: khkim@pknu.ac.kr ABSTRACT: A new Myxosporea, Kudoa paralichthys n. sp., is described from the brain of cultured olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in South Korea. Mature spores were quadrate in apical view, measuring 5.19 ± 0.54 µm in length, 8.23 ± 0.50 µm in width, and 6.87 ± 0.45 µm in thickness. Four valves were equal in size, each with 1 polar capsule. Polar capsules were pyriform in shape, measuring 2.2 ± 0.22 µm in length and 1.2 ± 0.14 µm in breadth. The sporoplasm consisted of a larger outer cell completely surrounding a smaller inner one, and had cytoplasmic projections. The junctions of shell valves were L-shaped. The sutural planes converged at the anterior ends of the spores and were associated with 4 small apex prominences in the central meeting point of the spores. KEY WORDS: Myxosporea · Kudoa paralichthys n. sp. · Brain tissue · Olive flounder Full text in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in DAO Vol. 55, No. 1. Online publication date: June 20, 2003 Print ISSN: 0177-5103; Online ISSN: 1616-1580 Copyright © 2003 Inter-Research.
Paralichthys
Myxosporea
Myxozoa
Olive flounder
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Olive flounder
Paralichthys
Sexual Differentiation
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Enteromyxum leei is a causative agent of enteromyxosis, with a wide range of marine fish hosts. Recently, massive morbidity and mortality were caused by E. leei infection in cultured olive flounders in Korea. To reveal a relationship between E. leei abundance in culture water and the occurrence of parasite infection in host fish, we used a quantitative PCR assay targeting the 28S rDNA of E. leei in three fish farms (two where enteromyxosis had occurred and one where it did not) from April to November 2018. The gene of E. leei was detected at levels greater than 10 cells/L in the culture water where enteromyxosis occurred from July to September. Furthermore, 2 months after the detection in the water, the parasite gene (with more than 5,000 cells per 100 mg) was detected in fish intestine samples. However, in the fish farms where enteromyxosis had not occurred, the E. leei gene was detected at <10 cells in culture water (1 L) and fish intestine samples (100 mg). The quantification method used in this research provides a baseline of the infection timeline in olive flounder to develop effective management practices.
Myxozoa
Myxosporea
Paralichthys
Olive flounder
Streptococcus iniae
Sparidae
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Paralichthys
Streptococcus iniae
Olive flounder
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Nutrient compositions and meat qualities of turbot Scophthalmus maximus,flounder Paralichthys olivaceus and sole Cynoglossus semilaevis were analyzed and compared in this paper. The results showed that the protein content of turbot and sole were much higher than that in flounder (P0.05),while no significant difference was found between turbot and sole. There was no significant difference in the lipid and ash content in turbot,flounder and sole (P0.05). The total amino acid in turbot,flounder and sole were 37.73,33.32,32.91 mg/100mg respectively,and the percentage of essential amino acids to the total amino acids (EAA/TAA) were 43.50%,43.25%,43.00% respectively. For fatty acids,the C20∶4,C22∶5 and C22∶6 content in turbot was significantly higher than that in flounder and sole,and the C20∶5 content in flounder was significantly higher than that in turbot and sole. For texture,the hardness of turbot was significantly higher than that of flounder and sole (P0.05),and the springiness of turbot and flounder was significantly higher than that of sole (P0.05). The content of soluble collagen in turbot was significantly higher than that of flounder and sole (P0.05),while there was no difference between flounder and sole (P0.05). The content of insoluble collagen in turbot was significantly higher than that in flounder and sole (P0.05),and it's significantly higher in sole than that in flounder (P0.05).
Scophthalmus
Paralichthys
Olive flounder
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Enteromyxum leei has been reported to cause emaciation disease in various fish species. To determine the effect of parasite intensity on cultured olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, we investigated the relationship between the relative condition factor (rCF = CF/standard CF × 100) and parasite load with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and the challenge test. A total of 57 cultured olive flounders were obtained from 11 fish farms and divided into five groups based on their rCF. We investigated the parasite intensity in the posterior intestine of the fish. The parasite load was closely matched to severe loss of body weight. In addition, olive flounders were inoculated either orally or anally with intestinal scrapings of infected fish or phosphate-buffered saline. The fish were reared at natural water temperature and transferred to different tanks, and the water temperature was adjusted to 20°C after 6 weeks of inoculation. When the water temperature was increased to 20°C, the rCF decreased in the experimentally infected group. The results demonstrated that qPCR can be utilized to determine the relative abundance of E. leei in olive flounders and water temperature is an important factor to track the progress of the emaciation disease.
Paralichthys
Olive flounder
Myxozoa
Myxosporea
Emaciation
Parasite load
Trichodina
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Based on the arrangement and shape of the buccal structure, scuticociliates isolated from cultured olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus belonged to the family Uronematidae and showed many characteristics of Uronema marinum. There was variation in the morphometry of clinical isolates taken from different organs of infected flounder. However, the isolates did not show any significant difference in morphometry under cultured conditions. The ciliates were easily maintained in in vitro medium to which antibiotic agents had been added and which had been enriched with the raw brain tissue of a healthy olive flounder. The ciliates propagated in a wide range of both temperature (6 to 30 degrees C) and salinity (10 to 35 ppt).
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Olive flounder
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Scophthalmus
Paralichthys
Myxosporea
Emaciation
Myxozoa
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