A comparison of drum granulation of biochars
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Pyrolytic carbon
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Formulations were established to evaluate the dispensing characteristics of fine granules.The formulations were prepared mainly according to “the Standard Formula for Fine Granules” established by the Particulate Preparation and Designing Group of the Society of Powder Technology of Japan. Granulation was performed either by agitating granulation, fluidized-bed granulation or extrusion granulation. The dispensing characteristics were comprehensively assessed on the basis of “average weight”, “coefficient of variation”, “weight loss”, and “time for dividing”, as well as “operativeness” based on a sensory test by pharmacists.As the results, it was observed that the dispensing characteristics of fine granules might greatly depend on the granulation method, the amount of binders, the size of bulk materials and the shape of the fine granules. In was also observed that content uniformity of a fine granule, i. e., relationship between its particle size and content, was closely related to the granulation procedure employed.
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Abstract Various studies have established that feedstock choice, pyrolysis temperature, and pyrolysis type influence final biochar physicochemical characteristics. However, overarching analyses of pre-biochar creation choices and correlations to biochar characteristics are severely lacking. Thus, the objective of this work was to help researchers, biochar-stakeholders, and practitioners make more well-informed choices in terms of how these three major parameters influence the final biochar product. Utilizing approximately 5400 peer-reviewed journal articles and over 50,800 individual data points, herein we elucidate the selections that influence final biochar physical and chemical properties, total nutrient content, and perhaps more importantly tools one can use to predict biochar’s nutrient availability. Based on the large dataset collected, it appears that pyrolysis type (fast or slow) plays a minor role in biochar physico- (inorganic) chemical characteristics; few differences were evident between production styles. Pyrolysis temperature, however, affects biochar’s longevity, with pyrolysis temperatures > 500 °C generally leading to longer-term (i.e., > 1000 years) half-lives. Greater pyrolysis temperatures also led to biochars containing greater overall C and specific surface area (SSA), which could promote soil physico-chemical improvements. However, based on the collected data, it appears that feedstock selection has the largest influence on biochar properties. Specific surface area is greatest in wood-based biochars, which in combination with pyrolysis temperature could likely promote greater changes in soil physical characteristics over other feedstock-based biochars. Crop- and other grass-based biochars appear to have cation exchange capacities greater than other biochars, which in combination with pyrolysis temperature could potentially lead to longer-term changes in soil nutrient retention. The collected data also suggest that one can reasonably predict the availability of various biochar nutrients (e.g., N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Cu) based on feedstock choice and total nutrient content. Results can be used to create designer biochars to help solve environmental issues and supply a variety of plant-available nutrients for crop growth.
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Biochar’s ability to amend and remediate agricultural soil has been a growing interest, though the energy expenses from high-temperature pyrolysis deter the product’s use. Therefore, it is urgent to improve the pyrolysis efficiency while ensuring the quality of produced biochar. The present study utilized three types of feedstock (i.e., switchgrass, biosolid, and water oak leaves) to produce biochar via conventional slow pyrolysis and microwave pyrolysis at different temperature/energy input. The produced biochar was characterized and comprehensively compared in terms of their physiochemical properties (e.g., surface functionality, elemental composition, and thermal stability). It was discovered that microwave-mediated biochar was more resistant to thermal decomposition, indicated by a higher production yield, yet more diverse surface functional groups were preserved than slow pyrolysis-derived biochar. A nutrient (NO3-N) adsorption isotherm study displayed that microwave-mediated biochar exhibited greater adsorption (13.3 mg g−1) than that of slow pyrolysis-derived biochar (3.1 mg g−1), proving its potential for future applications. Results suggested that microwaves pyrolysis is a promising method for biochar production.
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Sulfur-modified biochar was prepared and used to efficiently remove Chromium (Cr) from water. It was found that the sulfur-modified biochar prepared from lower primary pyrolysis temperature (<400°C), higher secondary pyrolysis temperature (>400°C), appropriate secondary pyrolysis time, and S/C ratio was favorable for Cr removal. According to the response surface methodology analysis, the biochar prepared under the primary pyrolysis temperature of 350°C, secondary pyrolysis temperature of 450°C, secondary pyrolysis time of 60 min, and S/C ratio of 2:1 could achieve the maximum Cr removal (92%). The S-modified biochar prepared under the optimum condition exhibited greater capacity of adsorbing Cr(VI) or reducing Cr(VI) into Cr(III) compared with the biochar without the S modification. The enhanced Cr(VI) adsorption and reduction were likely because some of the sulfur-containing groups formed on the modified biochar could bind and interact with the Cr(VI). Besides, the enhanced surface area by the sulfur modification also played a role in prompting the removal and reduction of Cr(VI).
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