The role of NaOH and papaya latex bio-activator during production of carbon nanoparticle from rice husks
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This research explains the role of NaOH and bio-activator from papaya latex in the synthesis of carbon nanoparticles from rice husks in a water medium to produce fullerene-like polytype of SiC. The process begins with the pyrolysis and then the high energy milling (HEM) process followed by dispersion of NaOH and coagulation of bio-activator. The HEM process creates residual stress which produces nanocrack. NaOH dissolved into ions which activate dipole force to create dipole moment on the tip of nanocrack and become the trigger of nanocrack dispersion. The crack dispersion breaks carbon into nanoparticles having polar electrical charge so that they are dispersed homogeneously inside the water. Bio-activator then continues to perform catalytic building molecular chain as a bridge connecting pole sides of carbon nanoparticles with the bonds of van der Walls. Catalytic performance causes the coagulation process of a nanoparticle to occur which resembles the morphological structure of fullerene-like polytype of SiC with the size of 20 up to 100 nm.Keywords:
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Rice husk is considered as a massive agricultural lignocellulosic biomass residue for the production of bio-based fuels and chemicals products. The purpose of this study is to investigate the physiochemical properties of the pyrolysis-oil derived from wet and dried rice husk fast pyrolysis process. The experiments were performed in a drop type fixed-bed pyrolyzer at the pyrolysis temperature of 350 to 600 °C. The products, char, pyrolysis-oil and gas, yield are investigated. The pyrolysis-oil derived from dried rice husk contained higher Carbon and Hydrogen and less oxygen contents than the pyrolysis-oil obtained from wet rice husk. FT-IR results showed the oxygenated compounds present in both pyrolysis-oil. The pyrolysis oil from dried rice husk has higher concentration of hydrocarbons as compared to wet rice husk pyrolysis-oil. The dried rice husk pyrolysis-oil produced more phenols and less carboxylic acid as compared to wet rice husk pyrolysis-oil at 500 °C. More volatile released in dried rice husk conversion produced more volatile compounds. These findings suggest that the original moisture present in biomass samples is the major influencing parameter on the thermal degradation of biomass during fast pyrolysis process.
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We report the microwave synthesis and characterization of Au and Pd nanoparticle catalysts supported on CeO2, CuO, and ZnO nanoparticles for CO oxidation. The results indicate that supported Au/CeO2 catalysts exhibit excellent activity for low-temperature CO oxidation. The Pd/CeO2 catalyst shows a uniform dispersion of Pd nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution within the ceria support. A remarkable enhancement of the catalytic activity is observed and directly correlated with the change in the morphology of the supported catalyst and the efficient dispersion of the active metal on the support achieved by using capping agents during the microwave synthesis. The significance of the current method lies mainly in its simplicity, flexibility, and the control of the different factors that determine the activity of the nanoparticle catalysts.
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Heat of combustion
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Rice husk was subjected to slow and fast pyrolysis under different reaction conditions, to investigate the effects of several pyrolysis factors on the physicochemical properties of the rice husk chars, including the pyrolysis heating rate, cooling rate and resident time. The results indicated that the char yield did not show great changes during the slow pyrolysis process, while it was gradually decreased along with the resident time during the fast pyrolysis process. With the elevating of the pyrolysis conditions, the carbon content of the chars was increased monotonically, while the oxygen content was decreased. Moreover, the rice husk and its chars greatly differed in their functional groups, resulting from various decompositon, decarbonylation and aromatization reactions during the pyrolysis process.
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Aromatization
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The thermogravimetric experiment is made on different heating rate of 20K/min,30K/min and 50K/min;the analysis result shows that the rice husk pyrolysis has three major processes.By using Coasts-Redfern(C-R) method and Malek method confirm the pyrolysis mechanism and calculate the dynamics parameters,then found the pyrolysis mechanism should be R3,meanwhile we solve the apparent activation energy E and frequency factor A.at last,build the dynamics model to confirm the dynamics parameters that solved by C-R method,the result shows the model's result fitting good to the experimental result,it means that the election used C-R method combine with the Malek method can describe the rice husk pyrolysis process accurately.
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Thermogravimetric analysis
Frequency factor
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A highly pure mixture of carbon and silica was obtained on pyrolysis rice husk leached with acid at high temperature in a nonoxidizing atmosphere. The product was suitable for use as a starting material in the the manufacture of silicon nitride powder. The effect of treatment including the kind and concentration of acid and the pyrolysis temperature on the constituents of the specimen was presented. Kinetic tests on pyrolysis of rice husk in a nitrogen atmosphere were carried out with a thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) technique at heating rates 2, 3, and 5 K/min. The results indicated that thermal degradation of rice husk consisted of two distinct pyrolysis stages. The corresponding kinetic parameters including the activation energy were determined. A reasonable pyrolysis mechanism was proposed, which agreed satisfactorily with the experimental results.
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Thermogravimetric analysis
Gravimetric analysis
Carbon fibers
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The pyrolytic characteristics of rice husk and lignite were investigated by using the TG-DSC.Result demonstrated that the thermal weight loss of rice husk was more intense than lignite.The co-pyrolysis weight loss process was almost the summation of rice husk and lignite pyrolysis weight loss process respectively.The absorbing and releasing heat of pyrolysis prosess was analyzed through DSC curves.There needed more heat-absorption at high temperature pyrolytic process during co-pyrolysis.Gas products content of pyrolytic system were also determined by gas chromatography as the temperature changed.Variations of gas products were analyzed combining TG curves.The results showed that H2 and CH4 content had the similar trend with the temperature grew when pyrolysised separately.CO content was more in rice husk pyrolysis gas product than lignite.Overall,there were heat exchange and interactions between husk and lignite during co-pyrolysis though the co-pyrolysis products were just the summation of pyrolysis separately.
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Pyrolytic carbon
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Бұл зерттеужұмысындaКaно моделітурaлы жәнеоғaн қaтыстытолықмәліметберілгенжәнеуниверситетстуденттерінебaғыттaлғaн қолдaнбaлы (кейстік)зерттеужүргізілген.АхметЯссaуи университетініңстуденттеріүшін Кaно моделіқолдaнылғaн, олaрдың жоғaры білімберусaпaсынa қоятынмaңыздытaлaптaры, яғнисaпaлық қaжеттіліктері,олaрдың мaңыздылығытурaлы жәнесaпaлық қaжеттіліктерінеқaтыстыөз университетінқaлaй бaғaлaйтындығытурaлы сұрaқтaр қойылғaн. Осы зерттеудіңмaқсaты АхметЯсaуи университетіндетуризмменеджментіжәнеқaржы бaкaлaвриaт бaғдaрлaмaлaрыныңсaпaсынa қaтыстыстуденттердіңқaжеттіліктерінaнықтaу, студенттердіңқaнaғaттaну, қaнaғaттaнбaу дәрежелерінбелгілеу,білімберусaпaсын aнықтaу мен жетілдіружолдaрын тaлдaу болыптaбылaды. Осы мaқсaтқaжетуүшін, ең aлдыменКaно сaуaлнaмaсы түзіліп,116 студенткеқолдaнылдыжәнебілімберугежәнеоның сaпaсынa қaтыстыстуденттердіңтaлaптaры мен қaжеттіліктерітоптықжұмыстaрaрқылыaнықтaлды. Екіншіден,бұл aнықтaлғaн тaлaптaр мен қaжеттіліктерКaно бaғaлaу кестесіменжіктелді.Осылaйшa, сaпa тaлaптaры төрт сaнaтқa бөлінді:болуытиіс, бір өлшемді,тaртымдыжәнебейтaрaп.Соңындa,қaнaғaттaну мен қaнaғaттaнбaудың мәндеріесептелдіжәнестуденттердіңқaнaғaттaну мен қaнaғaттaнбaу деңгейлерінжоғaрылaту мен төмендетудеосытaлaптaр мен қaжеттіліктердіңрөліaйқын aнықтaлды.Түйінсөздер:сaпa, сaпaлық қaжеттіліктер,білімберусaпaсы, Кaно моделі.
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The nationally-recognized Susquehanna
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This article provides experimentally study of the oil removal efficiency of pyrolyzed rice husks, which mainly comprised of amorphous silica and carbon. The research results have also shown that the oil removal efficiency increased to 94 % in the case of rice husk pyrolyzed at 600 oC. The investigation of SEM and AFM has shown that pyrolysis under steam of rice husks drastically modifies the structure with high porosity. The evidence from this study suggests that formation of the spherical and needle-like silica nanoparticles with the diameters of about 100–150 nm that emerged after pyrolysis.
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