Ameliorating the adverse cardiorespiratory effects of chemical immobilization by inducing general anaesthesia in sheep and goats: implications for physiological studies of large wild mammals
Adian IzwanEdward P. SnellingRoger S. SeymourLeith C. R. MeyerAndrea FullerAnna HawDuncan MitchellAnthony P. FarrellMary-Ann CostelloShane K. Maloney
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In a soil bioassay, adult Deroceras reticulatum (Stylommatophora: Limacidae) and three different weight-classes of young Arion lusitanicus (Stylommatophora: Arionidae) were exposed to a single dosage (170 dauer larvae per g of soil) of the nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita monoxenically associated with the bacterium Moraxella osloensis. Groups of 10 slugs were continuously exposed to nematodes for 4 days, and then transferred individually to Petri-dishes containing a disc of Chinese cabbage as food. Food consumption—measured by image analysis—and slug mortality were recorded daily for 10 days. Food consumption was inhibited in both slug species tested. D. reticulatum stopped feeding 6 days after the start of nematode treatment, while all A. lusitanicus continued to feed. However, in the three weight-classes of A. lusitanicus (0.15 g, 0.24 g, 0.45 g), food consumption was reduced by at least 50 %. The greatest reduction in feeding, nearly 90 %, was noted in the smallest A. lusitanicus. The nematodes successfully killed D. reticulatum but were less efficient at killing young A. lusitanicus. At the end of the experiment, mortality was highest in D. reticultatum (98 %) and the smallest weight-class of A. lusitanicus (47 %). There was almost no mortality in the largest weight-class of A. lusitanicus treated with nematodes. P. hermaphrodita associated with M. osloensis can thus be considered as a biological control agent for young stages of A. lusitanicus for its effect as a feeding inhibitor, rather than for its ability to kill the slugs.
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Obesity and cardiorespiratory fitness exhibit negative and positive impacts, respectively, on executive function. Nevertheless, the combined effects of these two factors on executive function remain unclear. This study investigated the combined effects of obesity and cardiorespiratory fitness on response inhibition of executive function from both behavioral and neuroelectric perspectives. Ninety-six young adults aged between 18 and 25 years were recruited and assigned into four groups: the high cardiorespiratory fitness with normal weight (NH), high cardiorespiratory fitness with obesity (OH), low cardiorespiratory fitness with normal weight (NL), and low cardiorespiratory fitness with obesity (OL) groups. The stop-signal task and its induced P3 component of event-related potentials was utilized to index response inhibition. The participants with higher cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., the NH and OH groups) demonstrated better behavioral performance (i.e., shorter response times and higher accuracy levels), as well as shorter stop-signal response times and larger P3 amplitudes than their counterparts with low cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., the NL and OL groups). The study provides first-hand evidence of the substantial effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on the response inhibition, including evidence that the detrimental effects of obesity might be overcome by high cardiorespiratory fitness.
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Cardiorespiratory fitness is the ability of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems to supply oxygen active muscle and the ability of muscles to use oxygen for energy production during continuous physical activity . The subject of research are studies published in the period from 2000 to 2016, focused on the connection between morphological characteristics and cardiorespiratory fitness of students . The aim of this survey is to collect the relevant literature on cardiorespiratory fitness, as well as to clarify whether there is a relationship of morphological characteristics and cardiorespiratory fitness of students . The systematic review included 25 studies . Based on the results, it can be concluded that the correlation between morphological characteristics and cardiorespiratory fitness is significant, especially if viewed from the perspective of the health status of man . This speaks to the fact that modern trends in society positive because it cares about the physical fitness man the right path to a healthy lifestyle.
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The aim of this of systematic review paper was to determine whether there is a correlation between the level of nutrition and cardiorespiratory fitness in the student population. The collected papers date from the period between 2000 and 2018. The sample included both male and female students with different levels of nutrition. The analyzed studies determined the differences and changes in BMI in relation to cardiorespiratory fitness. The studies had a criterion that showed differences in nutritional level and cardiorespiratory fitness and changes in BMI and cardiorespiratory fitness. Research has shown that there are significant differences in the level of nutrition of students and their physical fitness. Students with higher BMI had poorer results on cardiorespiratory fitness tests. With the increase in BMI, the VO2max values (maximal oxygen consumption values) are reduced. Higher BMI also adversely affects other physiological parameters. Moreover, there is a high correlation between BMI levels and cardiorespiratory endurance. Students included in the systematization, with their lower body composition values, showed better results on cardiorespiratory endurance tests. Increased body mass can lead to poorer results on physical fitness tests.
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This study aimed to systematically review the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and telomere length (TL). Studies were identified from searches in Cochrane Central, PubMed, Scopus, Sportdiscus, and Web of Science databases through July 2019. Eligibility criteria included: cross-sectional, prospective, and experimental study design; outcomes included TL; results expressed the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and TL; studies published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish. A total of 20 articles met the inclusion criteria. Sixteen studies (80%) reported a significant relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness, or training load, and TL. Better cardiorespiratory fitness or a large cardiorespiratory training load are associated with an increase in TL. Although, TL was related to regular moderate-to-vigorous aerobic exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness in older healthy humans, it was not related to cardiorespiratory fitness among young subjects. There seems to be a positive and significant relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and TL, mainly among middle age and older people, which emphasizes the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness for healthy ageing. Therefore, endurance exercise and better cardiorespiratory fitness may regulate the TL in middle age and older adults, slowing the cellular ageing process.
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HLA-B-associated transcript 3 (BAT3) was originally identified as one of the genes located within human major histocompatibility complex. It encodes a large proline-rich protein with unknown function. In this study, we found that a fragment of the BAT3 gene product interacts with a candidate tumor suppressor, DAN, in the yeast-based two-hybrid system. We cloned the full-length rat BAT3 cDNA from a fibroblast 3Y1 cDNA library. Our sequence analysis has demonstrated that rat BAT3 cDNA is 3617 nucleotides in length and encodes a full-length BAT3 (1098 amino acids) with an estimated molecular mass of 114,801 daltons, which displays an 87.4% identity with human BAT3. The deletion experiment revealed that the N-terminal region (amino acid residues 1-80) of DAN was required for the interaction with BAT3. Green fluorescent protein-tagged BAT3 was largely localized in the cytoplasm of COS cells. Northern hybridization showed that BAT3 mRNA was expressed in all the adult rat tissues examined but predominantly in testis. In addition, the level of BAT3 mRNA expression was more downregulated in some of the transformed cells, including v-mos- and v-Ha-ras-transformed 3Y1 cells, than in the parental cells.
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Background Sedentary behaviour is a major risk factor for developing chronic diseases and is associated with low cardiorespiratory fitness in adults. It remains unclear how sedentary behaviour and different physical activity subcomponents are related to cardiorespiratory fitness in children. The purpose of this study was to assess how sedentary behaviour and different physical activity subcomponents are associated with 10–14 year-old schoolchildren's cardiorespiratory fitness. Methods 135 schoolchildren (81 girls, 12±1 year) completed 7-day minute-by-minute habitual physical activity monitoring using triaxial accelerometers and undertook a maximal cardiorespiratory fitness test. Results After controlling for sex, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status and total wear time, light physical activity (1.5–2.9 METs) was negatively associated (β = −.24, p<.01) and hard physical activity (≥9 METs) positively associated (β = .45, p<.001) with cardiorespiratory fitness. Vigorous and hard physical activity were associated with cardiorespiratory fitness for boys (F = 5.64, p<.01) whereas light, moderate and hard physical activity were associated with physical fitness for girls (F = 10.23, p<.001). No association was found between sedentary time and cardiorespiratory fitness (r = −.13, p>.05). Sedentary to active transitions revealed little variability between cardiorespiratory fitness tertiles. Conclusions Hard physical activity (≥9 METs) holds greater potential for cardiorespiratory fitness compared to physical activity of lower intensities. There was no relationship between sedentary behaviour and cardiorespiratory fitness. These findings suggest that, for children, advice should focus on higher intensity physical activity and not sedentary behaviour as a means to maintain or improve cardiorespiratory fitness. Future research should explore longitudinal relationships between hard physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and health parameters.
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Cardiorespiratory fitness is the ability of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems to supply oxygen active muscle and the ability of muscles to use oxygen for energy production during continuous physical activity . The subject of research are studies published in the period from 2000 to 2016, focused on the connection between morphological characteristics and cardiorespiratory fitness of students . The aim of this survey is to collect the relevant literature on cardiorespiratory fitness, as well as to clarify whether there is a relationship of morphological characteristics and cardiorespiratory fitness of students . The systematic review included 25 studies . Based on the results, it can be concluded that the correlation between morphological characteristics and cardiorespiratory fitness is significant, especially if viewed from the perspective of the health status of man . This speaks to the fact that modern trends in society positive because it cares about the physical fitness man the right path to a healthy lifestyle.
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Background and Objectives: Cardiorespiratory fitness is an important predictor of cardiovascular and cardiometabolic health. To extend our knowledge on the health effects associated with cardiorespiratory fitness, the objective of this study was to evaluate the association of cardiorespiratory fitness on memory function. Materials and Methods: Embase/PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Sports Discus, and PsychInfo databases were searched. Inclusionary criteria included: (1) were conducted among adult humans (18+ years), (2) evaluated cardiorespiratory fitness as the independent variable, (3) measured cardiorespiratory fitness with an objective device (e.g., indirect calorimetry), (4) evaluated memory function (any type) as the outcome measure, and (5) included either a cross-sectional, prospective, or experimental-study design. Information on the participant’s characteristics, study design, cardiorespiratory fitness assessment, memory type, whether the study statistically controlled for exercise behavior, and study results were extracted. The relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and memory was synthesized while considering the data extraction parameters. Results: In total, 17 articles met the inclusionary criteria, including two prospective cohort studies and 15 cross-sectional studies. The main findings of this review are twofold: (1) across the 17 evaluated studies, 15 (88.2%) studies demonstrated some evidence of a positive association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and memory function, and (2) none of these 17 studies statistically controlled for physical activity behavior. Conclusion: CRF appears to be positively associated with memory function, however, it is uncertain as to whether this association occurs independently of physical activity or is mediated via physical activity behavior.
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