Cardiorespiratory fitness in individuals with intellectual disabilities—A review
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Treadmill
Background: Cardio respiratory fitness in terms of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) reflects the physical fitness of a person. VO2max determines the capacity of an individual to perform sustained exercise. The present study is to assess and compare the cardiorespiratory fitness in terms of VO2 max between trained and untrained subjects.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 30 young adult males undergoing physical training for more than 3 months to join British army and age-sex matched 30 non-trained controls. VO2max was estimated indirectly by following the protocol of Queen’s College Step Test (QCT) method.
Results: VO₂ max was found significantly higher in the trained males as compared to non-trained group (68.91± 4.42 vs. 50.31±4.80; p=0.02). On comparison of VO₂ max of our subjects with the standard VO₂ max classification, our trained and non-trained groups fitted into the category of high and average on cardiorespiratory fitness scale respectively.
Conclusion: Physical training improves cardio respiratory fitness by increasing VO₂ max.
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Abstract The four factors upper body strength and endurance, trunk strength and endurance, leg strength and endurance, and cardiorespiratory endurance were hypothesized as defining the domain of physical fitness. Physical fitness was defined in this study as being muscular strength and endurance, and cardiorespiratory endurance. Thirteen fitness test items were administered to college women (N = 336) and college men (N = 283). Data were analyzed for each group using eight derived factor solutions. Findings in this study did not support the hypothesized factors. There seem to be three factors for the domain of physical fitness for both men and women; however, those identified in this study are not the same for men and women.
Cardiovascular fitness
Endurance Training
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Purpose : Experts record the deterioration of the physical and cardiorespiratory fitness of students. Scientists recommend using fitness training in the practice of teaching students to increase cardiorespiratory fitness. The purpose of the research is to increase the level of cardiorespiratory fitness of female students by practicing Kangoo Jumps fitness in the practice of physical education. Material : participants are female students (n = 53, age - 19-20 years old). The study period was 10 months. Some females (n = 17) used Kangoo Jumps fitness in the practice of physical education. Indicators of physical and cardiorespiratory fitness were evaluated by the following methods: step test, Functional fitness assessment tests. Statistical data analysis was performed applying the Mann - Whitney U - test. Results : The test results (step test) revealed a significant (P <0.05) advantage of females practicing Kangoo Jumps fitness. The results are approximately the same for all females in most of the functional fitness assessment tests. The lowest weight gain (about 0.8 kg) is shown by females who used Kangoo Jumps fitness. Body mass indexes (from 1.8 to 2 kg.) were increased by students who used other types of fitness. Conclusions : It was revealed the possibility of increasing the cardiorespiratory fitness level of female students practicing Kangoo Jumps fitness in the practice of physical education. It was found the ability to control the increase in body weight of females.
Fitness test
Step test
Physical Education
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Better understanding the impact of changes in physical activity levels on cardiorespiratory fitness, as measured by maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2max)) may inform preventive interventions. We aimed to determine longitudinal changes in physical activity levels over 5 years and the relationship between these changes with VO(2max) in a sample of Chinese midlife women.A total of 184 Chinese women aged 50-64 years in Hong Kong were enrolled for this study. Physical activity was assessed with the modified Chinese Baecke questionnaire at baseline (2002-2004) and follow-up (2008-2009). VO(2max) was measured with a symptom-limited maximal exercise test on an electrically braked cycle ergometer at follow-up.Compared with subjects who were persistently inactive, those who were increasingly/persistently active had significantly higher levels of VO(2max) (P<0.05). Being persistently active was also independently associated with a high level of VO(2max) (OR: 4.4, 95%CI: 1.0-19.2). However, the rate of decline in VO(2max) with age was apparently greater in persistently active subjects compared with their persistently inactive peers, but the differences were not statistically significant.Our findings suggest that maintaining a high level of physical activity may lead to higher levels of VO(2max).
Cycle ergometer
Metabolic equivalent
Physical activity level
Physical exercise
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Cardiorespiratory fitness is inversely associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease, all-cause mortality, and mortality attributable to various cancers. It is often estimated indirectly using mathematical formulas for estimating oxygen uptake. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing, especially oxygen uptake, represents the "gold standard" for assessing exercise capacity. The purpose of this report was to develop reference standards for exercise capacity by establishing cardiorespiratory fitness values derived from cardiopulmonary exercise testing in a Brazilian population. We focused on oxygen uptake standards and compared the maximal oxygen uptake [mLO2·kg-1·min-1] values with those in the existing literature.A database was constructed using reports from cardiopulmonary exercise testing performed at Fleury laboratory. The final cohort included 18,189 individuals considered to be free of structural heart disease. Percentiles of maximal oxygen uptake for men and women were determined for six age groups between 7 and 84 years. We compared the values with existing reference data from patients from Norway and the United States.There were significant differences in maximal oxygen uptake between sexes and across the age groups. In our cohort, the 50th percentile maximal oxygen uptake values for men and women decreased from 44.7 and 36.3 mLO2·kg-1·min-1 to 28.4 and 22.3 mLO2·kg-1·min-1 for patients aged 20-29 years to patients aged 60-69 years, respectively. For each age group, both Norwegian men and women had greater cardiorespiratory fitness than cohorts in the United States and Brazil.To our knowledge, our analysis represents the largest reference data for cardiorespiratory fitness based on treadmill cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Our findings provide reference values of maximal oxygen uptake measurements from treadmill tests in Brazilian populations that are more accurate than previous standard values based on workload-derived estimations. This data may also add information to the global data used for the interpretation of cardiorespiratory fitness.
Treadmill
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This study tries to discuss maximum oxygen consumption (V̇O2max) strategy and its importance to build up a healthy society worldwide. V̇O2max is an important predictive factor of cardiovascular health, morbidity, and all-cause mortality; and consider it as the gold standard measure of cardiorespiratory fitness. Regular and long-time physical exercise, and exercise training are effective means of increasing V̇O2max. This research aims to increase V̇O2max and endurance capacity through the prolonged strenuous exercise, hardworking, and exercise training.
Aerobic Exercise
Cardiovascular fitness
Endurance Training
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Introduction: The physical fitness related to health refers to the physical and physiological characteristics that define the morbidity and mortality profiles. Objective: To a Assess the physical fitness related to health of 7–10 year-old students. Methods: The study included 93 7–10 year-old students of both sexes. The instrument used was the battery of tests and measures of Projeto Esporte Brasil (PROESP-BR), including (flexibility test, muscular endurance, cardiorespiratory endurance and body mass index (BMI), ”weight/height2”. Results: It was observed that the students presented desired levels of physical fitness in the tests (flexibility and BMI), but in muscular endurance and cardiopulmonary tests, they got unwanted levels considering health risk. Conclusion: Our results do not show satisfactory levels of physical fitness related to health in muscular and cardiorespiratory endurance, revealing a risk of developing non transmissible chronic diseases to students.
Physical health
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Physical activity level and cardiorespiratory fitness are both inversely associated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases and with all-cause mortality. Physical activity questionnaires are often validated against objectively measured maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max).To validate a self-report physical activity questionnaire against VO2max and furthermore to establish whether a simple question on self-rated physical fitness could predict objectively measured VO2max.A total of 102 men and women aged between 35 and 65 years were recruited from an ongoing population-based intervention study, the Inter99 Study. Participants reported their self-rated fitness and daily physical activity using a new questionnaire based on metabolic equivalents (MET). VO2max (ml/kg per min) was determined using a graded bicycle test with increasing workload until exhaustion and with simultaneous measurement of breath-to-breath oxygen uptake in 15-s periods. Statistical analyses were performed by linear regression analyses using the self-reported physical activity level as an independent variable and VO2max (l/min) as an dependent variable, and with covariates sex, age and bodyweight.Data from 53 men and 47 women were analysed. The amount of daily vigorous activity (>6 MET) was significantly positively associated with VO2max (P=0.0001, R=0.76), whereas the total amount of physical activity was not significantly associated with VO2max (P=0.098, R=0.69). A significant trend across three groups of self-rated fitness in relation to VO2max (ml/kg per min) was found (P for trend <0.0001).The physical activity questionnaire has acceptable validity when compared with VO2max in adult men and women. Furthermore, a simple question on self-rated fitness seems to reflect measured VO2max objectively.
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Abstract Background Although evidence suggests that cardiorespiratory fitness is the most important component associated with future health, little is known of how it is associated with multiple other physical fitness components. Since various physical fitness aspects do not change the same as cardiorespiratory fitness during childhood, it is necessary to establish possible associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and other physical fitness components in children. Therefore, the main purpose of the study was to test the associations between cardiorespiratory fitness with motor performance and body size in 7-14-year-old children. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 1612 children (52.5% girls). Health-related physical fitness components included: 1) body-mass index (kg/m 2 ) calculated from height and weight (measure of body size), 2) sit-and-reach test (measure of flexibility), 3) standing long jump (measure of explosive strength), 4) sit-ups in 30 sec (measure of repetitive strength), 5) 10x5 shuttle run test (measure of agility) and 6) 20-m shuttle run test (measure of aerobic capacity). The associations were performed using generalized estimating equations with β coefficients. Results After adjusting for age, cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with sit-and-reach test ( β =0.13, p <0.001), standing long jump ( β =0.59, p <0.001), sit-ups in 30 sec ( β =0.53, p <0.001) and 10x5 shuttle run test ( β =-0.56, p <0.001) in boys. In girls, cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with body-mass index ( β =-0.12, p <0.001), sit-and-reach test ( β =0.21, p <0.001), standing long jump ( β =0.25, p <0.001), sit-ups in 30 sec ( β =0.36, p <0.001) and 10x5 shuttle run test ( β =-0.40, p <0.001). No significant associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and body-mass index in boys were observed. Conclusions Although significant, cardiorespiratory fitness is weakly to moderately associated with other physical fitness components, pointing out that such measure should be tested separately from other aspects of physical fitness in school-aged children.
Multi-stage fitness test
Aerobic Exercise
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