The Collagen Suprafamily: From Biosynthesis to Advanced Biomaterial Development
Anna SorushanovaLuis M. DelgadoZhuning WuNaledi ShologuAniket KshirsagarRufus RaghunathAnne Maria MullenYves BayonAbhay PanditMichael RaghunathDimitrios I. Zeugolis
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Collagen is the oldest and most abundant extracellular matrix protein that has found many applications in food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries. First, an overview of the family of collagens and their respective structures, conformation, and biosynthesis is provided. The advances and shortfalls of various collagen preparations (e.g., mammalian/marine extracted collagen, cell-produced collagens, recombinant collagens, and collagen-like peptides) and crosslinking technologies (e.g., chemical, physical, and biological) are then critically discussed. Subsequently, an array of structural, thermal, mechanical, biochemical, and biological assays is examined, which are developed to analyze and characterize collagenous structures. Lastly, a comprehensive review is provided on how advances in engineering, chemistry, and biology have enabled the development of bioactive, 3D structures (e.g., tissue grafts, biomaterials, cell-assembled tissue equivalents) that closely imitate native supramolecular assemblies and have the capacity to deliver in a localized and sustained manner viable cell populations and/or bioactive/therapeutic molecules. Clearly, collagens have a long history in both evolution and biotechnology and continue to offer both challenges and exciting opportunities in regenerative medicine as nature's biomaterial of choice.Keywords:
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This work aimed the assessment of the biochemical changes during bone mineralization induced by laser and LED irradiation in an animal model of bone repair using a spectral model based on Raman spectroscopy. Six groups were studied: Clot, Laser (λ780 nm, 70 mW), LED (λ850 nm ± 10 nm, 150 mW), Biomaterial (biphasic synthetic microgranular hydroxyapatite (HA) + β-tricalcium phosphate), Laser + Biomaterial and LED + Biomaterial. When indicated, defects were further irradiated at 48 h interval during 2 wks, 20 J/cm2 per session. At 15th and 30th days, femurs were dissected and spectra of the defects were collected. Raman spectra were submitted to a model to estimate the relative amount of collagen, phosphate HA and carbonate HA, by using spectra of pure collagen, biomaterial and basal bone, respectively. At 15th days, the use of biomaterial associated to phototherapy reduced the collagen formation, whereas the amount of carbonate HA was not different in all groups. The phosphate HA was higher in the groups that received biomaterial grafts. At 30th days, it was observed an increase of collagen for the group Laser + Biomaterial, and a reduction in the carbonate HA for the LED + Biomaterial. The phosphate HA was higher for the groups LED + Biomaterial and Laser + Biomaterial, while decreased for the group Biomaterial. These results indicated that the use of Laser and LED phototherapies improved the repair of bone defects grafted with the biomaterial by increasing the collagen deposition and phosphate HA.
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Abstract In orthopedic surgery, grafts are used as a substitute for defective bones. The development of synthetic biomaterials has been greatly successful. In this work, the in vivo behavior of synthetic aragonite calcium carbonate as a biomaterial was studied. This material porous at 44% was synthesized in our research group by double decomposition in an aqueous environment of salts of calcium and carbonate. Animal experimentation has been achieved on ovine spongy bony site. Biopsies have been carried out according to periods of 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after implantation. Samples were the subject of biologic assessments and in vivo mineral composition evolution. The analysis of trace and major elements (Ca, Sr, and P) of the biomaterial implanted has been achieved by the proton induced x‐rays emission (PIXE) method. Cartographies of every element of the biomaterial, of the interface (biomaterial–bone), and finally, of the bony matrix were established. Results obtained highlight the centripetal migrations of phosphorus and the strontium, from the physiological environment toward the aragonite CaCO3 versus decreasing time of the calcium concentration in the biomaterial. The elements migration kinetics is inhomogeneous in the biomaterial–bone interface area. These results have been correlated with histological studies.
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When a synthetic biomaterial comes in contact with a protein-containing biological fluid (e.g., blood plasma or interstitial fluid), proteins rapidly adsorb to the exposed surfaces of the biomaterial to form a complete monolayer of adsorbed protein within a matter of seconds. Cells that subsequently come in contact with the biomaterial surface thus do not actually directly interact with the biomaterial itself, but rather they interact with this adsorbed layer of protein. Thus the bioactivity of the biomaterial surface, and the resulting cellular response, is not directly mediated by the biomaterial itself, but by how the biomaterial surface influences the types of proteins that adsorb onto the biomaterial surface as well as their orientation and conformation on the surface. This chapter presents an overview of the important principles that influence protein adsorption to biomaterial surfaces and how this in turn influences cellular response, with numerous examples from both experimental and theoretical studies that demonstrate these types of interactions.
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Studying the tissue-biomaterial interface at the ultrastructural level is not without problems. Dissolution of the biomaterial in one of the dehydration or embedding media causes holes and shatter during sectioning or dislodgement of the biomaterial. The fine tuning of the hardness of both biomaterial and embedding medium, as well as the introduction of butyl-2,3-epoxypropylether as an intermediate between the dehydration series and the Epon resin, improving the impregnation, will solve many of the problems mentioned. With this improved technique good results were obtained with materials ranging from teflon, poly(Lactic acid) and polyurethanes to tissue culture polystyrene. No holes, shatter or dislodgement of the biomaterial was observed.
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