Siderophore –The Iron Chelator Production Potential of Bacteria Associated with Diverse Crops and Growth Medium Optimization for its High Production
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Siderophores (in Greek: iron carriers) are low molecular weight compounds produced under iron-limiting conditions by microorganisms that chelates Fe3+ (ferric iron) with high specific activity, which in turn make it available to the plant system. Selection of efficient siderophore producing plant associated bacteria and their potential role in enhancing plant iron uptake is a strategic approach for improving plant health as Fe is an integral component and cofactor for many biomolecules. In the present study 154 bacteria associated with maize, mustard and sugarcane as endophytic or rhizospheric isolates, on screening led to the identification of 24 efficient siderophore producers (Sid+) with siderophore producing index (SPI) of 1.03-1.70 and the concentration from 0.1 to 11.25 µg/ml in Fiss glucose medium. For higher siderophore production optimization minimal and complex media were tested. Barbhaiya and Rao medium (BR), a minimal medium improved siderophore production ranging from 02.54 – 15.65 µg/ml. Complex malt extract medium produced 0.27-2.44 µg/ml of siderophores and was found to have least influence on siderophore production irrespective of bacterial culture. Differential sugars utilization pattern of 35 sugars tested was recorded with different isolates. A formulation of such siderophore producing bacterial isolates can be used for improving micronutrients availability for the plant to be more healthy and productive.ome Bacillus strains can produce siderophore. Siderophore is a chelating agent for ferric iron as a response to low iron environment. Bacillus has ability as iron bioremoval. The aim of this research was to get siderophore Bacillus strain which could resist to iron and to know the ability of its bioremoval. This research used Bacillus isolated from Kalimas Surabaya ie: A6, DA11, and SS19. The strains were screened for siderophore bacteria in Fe-CAS agar medium. Ferric bioreduction was analysed on medium contained FeCl3.6H2O 50; 100; and 150 mg/L. Ferric bioremoval was measured by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy method. Bacillus A6, DA11, and SS19 could produce siderophore and also stand to media containing 150 mg/L FeCl3.6H2O. Bacillus DA11 had the highest ability of ferric bioremoval, which was 26.841 mg/L from 33.365 mg/L concentration, with efficiency 80.5%.
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Production of secondary metabolites including siderophores is yet another mechanism by which fluorescent pseudomonads acts as a biocontrol agent. Siderophores are secreted under iron limitation and have a very high affinity for ferric iron. The resulting ferric-siderophore complex is unavailable to other organisms, but the producing strain can utilize this complex via a specific receptor in its outer cell membrane. In this way, siderophore producing fluorescent Pseudomonads may restrict the growth of phytopathogens. In the present study the siderophore production by the isolated strains of fluorescent pseudomonads has been reviewed. Of the 22 isolates which showed the abilty to produce siderophores, 6 isolates were shown to produce catecholate type of siderophores and the remaining 16 isolates showed the presence of hydroxamate
FERRIC IRON
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Bacteria can produce low molecular weight iron chelating compound called siderophore. Siderophore are low molecular weight iron-binding ligands which can bind to ferric ion and make it available to the producer microorganism. On account of that, an attempt was made in the present investigation to isolate potential siderophore producing bacteria from different places of Kashmir and study their effect on pea crop. A total of ten siderophore producing bacteria was isolated from rhizospheric soil sample and amongst them PGP26 was found the most efficient siderophore (18.00). The potential isolates were further characterized for their different plant growth promoting activities like Indole acetic acid production (IAA), ammonia production, phosphate solubilization, and HCN production. The potential isolates were further tried with pea to study the germination percentage, root length and shoot length by Roll towel method.
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Under iron limiting conditions, many bacteria secrete ferric iron-specific ligands, generically termed siderophore, which aid in sequestering and transport of iron. We report here the production of siderophore by selected plant growth promoting microorganisms. Production of siderophore by plant growth promoting microorganisms were detected via the chrome azurol S assay, a general test for siderophore detection, which is independent of siderophore structure. Eight bacterial isolates having better plant growth promoting traits were evaluated for siderophore production in laboratory among the isolates Pseudomonas flurescens was noted to 75 per cent siderophore production followed by Azospirillum lipoferum (67 per cent). However, Rhizobium phaseoli found to have no colour change and no siderophore production in CAS agar test.
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ABSTRACT More than 60% of species examined from a total of 421 strains of heterotrophic marine bacteria which were isolated from marine sponges and seawater were observed to have no detectable siderophore production even when Fe(III) was present in the culture medium at a concentration of 1.0 pM. The growth of one such non-siderophore-producing strain, alpha proteobacterium V0210, was stimulated under iron-limited conditions with the addition of an isolated exogenous siderophore, N , N ′-bis (2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)- O -serylserine from a Vibrio sp. Growth was also stimulated by the addition of three exogenous siderophore extracts from siderophore-producing bacteria. Radioisotope studies using 59 Fe showed that the iron uptake ability of V0210 increased only with the addition of exogenous siderophores. Biosynthesis of a hydroxamate siderophore by V0210 was shown by paper electrophoresis and chemical assays for the detection of hydroxamates and catechols. An 85-kDa iron-regulated outer membrane protein was induced only under iron-limited conditions in the presence of exogenous siderophores. This is the first report of bacterial iron uptake through an induced siderophore in response to exogenous siderophores. Our results suggest that siderophores are necessary signaling compounds for growth and for iron uptake by some non-siderophore-producing marine bacteria under iron-limited conditions.
Marine bacteriophage
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Pyoverdine
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Siderophores (in Greek: iron carriers) are low molecular weight compounds produced under iron-limiting conditions by microorganisms that chelates Fe3+ (ferric iron) with high specific activity, which in turn make it available to the plant system. Selection of efficient siderophore producing plant associated bacteria and their potential role in enhancing plant iron uptake is a strategic approach for improving plant health as Fe is an integral component and cofactor for many biomolecules. In the present study 154 bacteria associated with maize, mustard and sugarcane as endophytic or rhizospheric isolates, on screening led to the identification of 24 efficient siderophore producers (Sid+) with siderophore producing index (SPI) of 1.03-1.70 and the concentration from 0.1 to 11.25 µg/ml in Fiss glucose medium. For higher siderophore production optimization minimal and complex media were tested. Barbhaiya and Rao medium (BR), a minimal medium improved siderophore production ranging from 02.54 – 15.65 µg/ml. Complex malt extract medium produced 0.27-2.44 µg/ml of siderophores and was found to have least influence on siderophore production irrespective of bacterial culture. Differential sugars utilization pattern of 35 sugars tested was recorded with different isolates. A formulation of such siderophore producing bacterial isolates can be used for improving micronutrients availability for the plant to be more healthy and productive.
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River is classified as freshwater ecosystem which contains various type of
microorganism. Some of water microorganism can be an indicator for river water
quality. The aim of this study is to investigate the diversity of microorganism in
Sungai Tanah Merah. The water samples were taken and isolation of these
microorganisms had been done by using serial dilution and streaking method. The
morphology of pure colony of bacteria was done by using gram staining method in
order to differentiate the bacteria according to their group, gram positive and gram
negative bacteria and it also used as it serve the simplest test to observe the
morphology of bacteria present in river water. As a result, five gram positive and
three gram positive bacteria found in that study area. Pure colony of bacteria was
cultured in Luria Broth. Cultured bacteria were used for DNA extraction in order to
isolate DNA from bacteria sample. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was
conducted for 30 cycles. The result showed multiple bands in PCR products which
indicate that the samples were contaminated with organic substance such as salts.
However, morphological of bacteria cannot be used to determine bacteria at species
level. Therefore, further study on molecular based method must be conducted.
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