Independent and combined associations of physical fitness components with inflammatory biomarkers in children and adolescents
Álvaro Delgado-AlfonsoAlejandro Pérez‐BeyJulio Conde‐CavedaRocío Izquierdo‐GómezIrene Esteban‐CornejoSonia Gómez‐MartínezAscensión MarcosJosé Castro‐Piñero
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Abstract The four factors upper body strength and endurance, trunk strength and endurance, leg strength and endurance, and cardiorespiratory endurance were hypothesized as defining the domain of physical fitness. Physical fitness was defined in this study as being muscular strength and endurance, and cardiorespiratory endurance. Thirteen fitness test items were administered to college women (N = 336) and college men (N = 283). Data were analyzed for each group using eight derived factor solutions. Findings in this study did not support the hypothesized factors. There seem to be three factors for the domain of physical fitness for both men and women; however, those identified in this study are not the same for men and women.
Cardiovascular fitness
Endurance Training
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Sports medicine
Physical activity level
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This study examined relationships between health-related physical fitness indicators and clustered cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents between 2014 and 2017.The sample consisted of 93 students (60% girls), with complete data sets in both 2014 and 2017. The physical fitness components evaluated were: flexibility (sit and reach), muscular fitness (curl-up and push-up), cardiorespiratory fitness (progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run), and body fat (BMI). The cardiometabolic risk factors were: waist circumference, blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides and fasting blood glucose. Z-scores were calculated for each risk factor, with the sum of risk factor z-scores values used to represent clustered cardiometabolic risk.The results of cross-sectional analysis indicated that muscle fitness (curl-up: β = -0.37, p < 0.001; push-up: β = -0.38, p < 0.005) and cardiorespiratory fitness (β = -0.56, p < 0.001) were inversely associated with clustered cardiometabolic risk, with BMI positively associated (β = 0.58, p < 0.001). In the longitudinal analysis, cardiorespiratory fitness (β = -0.33; p < 0.005) and body fat (β = 0.46, p < 0.001) demonstrated a significant association with clustered cardiometabolic risk. However, no significant associations between the health-related physical fitness and clustered cardiometabolic risk were observed after adjustment for baseline values.Our cross-sectional findings highlight the importance of health-related physical fitness indicators to adolescents. In regarding the longitudinal analysis, further studies are needed in order to clarify the influence of physical fitness in the adolescence and cardiometabolic risk later in life.
Longitudinal Study
Cardiovascular fitness
Cross-sectional study
Aerobic Exercise
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Purpose : Experts record the deterioration of the physical and cardiorespiratory fitness of students. Scientists recommend using fitness training in the practice of teaching students to increase cardiorespiratory fitness. The purpose of the research is to increase the level of cardiorespiratory fitness of female students by practicing Kangoo Jumps fitness in the practice of physical education. Material : participants are female students (n = 53, age - 19-20 years old). The study period was 10 months. Some females (n = 17) used Kangoo Jumps fitness in the practice of physical education. Indicators of physical and cardiorespiratory fitness were evaluated by the following methods: step test, Functional fitness assessment tests. Statistical data analysis was performed applying the Mann - Whitney U - test. Results : The test results (step test) revealed a significant (P <0.05) advantage of females practicing Kangoo Jumps fitness. The results are approximately the same for all females in most of the functional fitness assessment tests. The lowest weight gain (about 0.8 kg) is shown by females who used Kangoo Jumps fitness. Body mass indexes (from 1.8 to 2 kg.) were increased by students who used other types of fitness. Conclusions : It was revealed the possibility of increasing the cardiorespiratory fitness level of female students practicing Kangoo Jumps fitness in the practice of physical education. It was found the ability to control the increase in body weight of females.
Fitness test
Step test
Physical Education
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The purpose was to examine the correlation and association between a single‐item question of self‐rated physical fitness and objective measures of fitness and cardiometabolic risk factors in a large population‐based study. Participants were 3441 men and women aged 18‐85 years who filled in a questionnaire and participated in a clinical health examination in the Danish Health Examination Survey 2007‐2008. Cardiorespiratory fitness was estimated by an indirect maximal exercise test. Muscle strength was measured by (a) sit‐to‐stand test, (b) handgrip strength, and (c) bent arm strength. Body mass index and fat percentage were used as measures for body composition. Associations were derived from regression analyses, correlations were calculated using Spearman's correlation test, and agreement was tested by kappa statistics. Within categories of self‐rated physical fitness moving from lowest to highest, objectively measured cardiorespiratory fitness increased. Self‐rated physical fitness was strongly correlated to cardiorespiratory fitness (r men = 0.69 and r women = 0.65) and moderately correlated to the sit‐to‐stand test (r men = 0.49 and r women = 0.48), bent arm strength (r = 0.45) and fat percentage (r = 0.46) among men, and handgrip strength among women (r =0.41). Mutually adjusted analysis showed a significant association between self‐reported physical fitness and cardiorespiratory fitness for men and women and bent arm strength for women. The single‐item question of physical fitness was correlated to cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, and body composition. However, this study suggests that it mainly captures cardiorespiratory fitness. At the population level, the single‐item question could be a useful tool to identify and monitor variation in fitness levels.
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Introduction: The physical fitness related to health refers to the physical and physiological characteristics that define the morbidity and mortality profiles. Objective: To a Assess the physical fitness related to health of 7–10 year-old students. Methods: The study included 93 7–10 year-old students of both sexes. The instrument used was the battery of tests and measures of Projeto Esporte Brasil (PROESP-BR), including (flexibility test, muscular endurance, cardiorespiratory endurance and body mass index (BMI), ”weight/height2”. Results: It was observed that the students presented desired levels of physical fitness in the tests (flexibility and BMI), but in muscular endurance and cardiopulmonary tests, they got unwanted levels considering health risk. Conclusion: Our results do not show satisfactory levels of physical fitness related to health in muscular and cardiorespiratory endurance, revealing a risk of developing non transmissible chronic diseases to students.
Physical health
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Background: Sport is a physical activity that increases human body oxygen demand. Hemoglobin has a major role to fulfill the oxygen demand. The body capacity to fulfill the increasing oxygen demand could be seen as cardiorespiratory fitness. Sportsmen have a high cardiorespiratory fitness due to the intensity and frequency of training. This study aimed to explore how hemoglobin concentration affects the cardiorespiratory fitness of adolescence sportsmen. Method: This study used a cross-sectional approach. The sampling started in October – November 2019. Sample of this study were 15-19 years old male badminton and basketball sportsmen at Jakarta and Bogor (n=72). Hemoglobin concentration measured with a digital hemoglobinometer which used an azide-methemoglobin method. VO 2 max estimated with a beep test. FITNESSGRAM® Performance Standard was used for the classification of cardiorespiratory fitness. All measurement’s ethical issues had been approved. The result of hemoglobin concentration and cardiorespiratory fitness was processed by SPSS program with Spearman and Kruskal-Wallis analysis method. Results: There was a correlation between hemoglobin concentration and cardiorespiratory fitness (p = 0.001, p < 0.05). Spearman analysis showed there was a weak correlation (r = 0.38) between hemoglobin concentration and cardiorespiratory fitness. Kruskal-Wallis analysis showed there was a meaningful mean difference in hemoglobin concentration on cardiorespiratory fitness groups (p = 0.005, p < 0.05). Conclusion: The mean of the hemoglobin concentration on the Healthy Fitness Zone (HFZ) cardiorespiratory group was higher than on the Need Improvement (NI) group and the Need Improvement within Health Risk (NI-HR) group.
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BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of a four-week detraining period after a short-term physical fitness program on secondary school students’ cardiorespiratory fitness levels in the Physical Education setting.METHODS: Eighty-two secondary students (33 males and 49 females; mean age 13.7±0.8 years) were cluster-randomly assigned into control group (N.=36) or experimental group (N.=40). The experimental group students performed a physical fitness program twice a week for nine weeks. Students’ cardiorespiratory fitness was measured by the 20-meter shuttle run test at the beginning and at the end of the physical fitness program, and after the four-week detraining period.RESULTS: The multilevel linear model showed that the experimental group students improved their cardiorespiratory fitness levels after the physical fitness program (P<0.05; d=0.19). However, students’ cardiorespiratory fitness values reverted back to the baseline after the detraining period (P>0.05).CONCLUSIONS: Although in the physical education setting a short-term physical fitness program increased the students’ cardiorespiratory fitness levels, after a four-week detraining period students’ levels reverted back to the baseline. Physical education teachers should apply maintenance programs or plan longer physical fitness programs with an intermittent program (15 intense minutes every session) along the scholar year to maintain students’ cardiorespiratory fitness levels.
Multi-stage fitness test
Physical Education
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Abstract Background Although evidence suggests that cardiorespiratory fitness is the most important component associated with future health, little is known of how it is associated with multiple other physical fitness components. Since various physical fitness aspects do not change the same as cardiorespiratory fitness during childhood, it is necessary to establish possible associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and other physical fitness components in children. Therefore, the main purpose of the study was to test the associations between cardiorespiratory fitness with motor performance and body size in 7-14-year-old children. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 1612 children (52.5% girls). Health-related physical fitness components included: 1) body-mass index (kg/m 2 ) calculated from height and weight (measure of body size), 2) sit-and-reach test (measure of flexibility), 3) standing long jump (measure of explosive strength), 4) sit-ups in 30 sec (measure of repetitive strength), 5) 10x5 shuttle run test (measure of agility) and 6) 20-m shuttle run test (measure of aerobic capacity). The associations were performed using generalized estimating equations with β coefficients. Results After adjusting for age, cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with sit-and-reach test ( β =0.13, p <0.001), standing long jump ( β =0.59, p <0.001), sit-ups in 30 sec ( β =0.53, p <0.001) and 10x5 shuttle run test ( β =-0.56, p <0.001) in boys. In girls, cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with body-mass index ( β =-0.12, p <0.001), sit-and-reach test ( β =0.21, p <0.001), standing long jump ( β =0.25, p <0.001), sit-ups in 30 sec ( β =0.36, p <0.001) and 10x5 shuttle run test ( β =-0.40, p <0.001). No significant associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and body-mass index in boys were observed. Conclusions Although significant, cardiorespiratory fitness is weakly to moderately associated with other physical fitness components, pointing out that such measure should be tested separately from other aspects of physical fitness in school-aged children.
Multi-stage fitness test
Aerobic Exercise
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