Pollution Level and Health Risk Assessment of PM2.5-Bound Metals in Baoding City Before and After the Heating Period
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In order to assess the pollution levels and health risks of PM2.5-bound metals in Baoding City before and after the heating period, samples were collected in 2016 at Hebei University from September 25th to November 14th during the non-heating period, and November 15th to December 26th during the heating period, respectively. ICP-MS was applied to analyze seven heavy metals (Cr, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd and Fe). The statistical analysis, enrichment factor (EF), pollution load index method, and Risk Assessment Method proposed by U.S. EPA were used to evaluate the non-carcinogenic risks of six of these heavy metals (Cr, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni and Cd) and carcinogenic risks of three of these heavy metals (Cr, Ni and Cd). The results showed three main results. First, the average daily PM2.5 concentrations of the national air monitoring stations was 155.66 μg·m-3 which was 2.08 times as high as that of the second level criterion in China (75 μg·m-3) during the observation period. Compared with the non-heating period, all heavy metals concentrations increased during heating period. The growth rates of Pb and Ni were the highest and the lowest, which were 88.03 and 5.11 percent, respectively. Second, the results of enrichment factor indicated that the EF values of all heavy metals were higher during the heating period in comparison with during the non-heating period, but the degree of enrichment of all heavy metals remained unchanged. Not only those, Cr and Ni were minimally enriched and were affected by both human and natural factors, Pb, Cu and Zn were significantly enriched and were mainly affected by human factors, the enrichment of Cd was much higher than that of the other heavy metals, exhibiting extremely high enrichment, mainly due to human factors during the whole sampling period. The results of the pollution load index indicated that the proportions of the number of highly and very highly polluted PM2.5-bound metals were the highest during the heating period, while the proportion of moderately polluted PM2.5-bound metals was the highest during the non-heating period. The combined pollution degree of heavy metals was more serious during the heating period. Third, according to the health risk assessment model, we concluded that the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks caused by inhalation exposure were the highest and by dermal exposure were the lowest for all kinds of people. The overall non-carcinogenic risk of heavy metals via inhalation and subsequent ingestion exposure caused significant harm to children during the non-heating and the heating periods, and the risk values were 2.64, 4.47, 1.20 and 1.47, respectively. Pb and Cr exhibited the biggest contributions to the non-carcinogenic risk. All the above non-carcinogenic risks exceeded the standard limits suggested by EPA (HI or HQ < 1). The carcinogenic risk via inhalation exposure to children, adult men and women were 2.10 × 10-4, 1.80 × 10-4, and 1.03 × 10-4 during the non-heating period, respectively, and 2.52 × 10-4, 2.16 × 10-4 and 1.23 × 10-4 during the heating period, respectively. All the above carcinogenic risks exceeded the threshold ranges (10-6~10-4), and Cr posed a carcinogenic risk to all people.Keywords:
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Assessment of heavy metal pollutants: Cd, Pb, Zn and Ni was conducted for Soils in surrounding highway of Baghdad city, evaluate the relation between heavy metals concentration in soil, and study effect of distance from pollution source. Study area was including high express way surrounded Baghdad city, in 43 km distance approximately. Four pollution indexes had been used enrichment factor ratios (EF), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo) methods, to assessment of heavy metals pollution for these Soils. Results showed that heavy metals concentrations in soil samples took the order of Ni > Zn > Pb > Cd and all was higher than their concentration in comparison soils. The EF and PLI values decreased with increasing distance away of the highway edges for both sides with random distribution in some locations. This indicated to the affected soils of near sites of 1.5 and 10 m from road sides by emitted gases from vehicles exhausts that used the road. The CF values of Cd, Pb, Zn and Ni for all studied soils ranged of lower – moderately polluted (1 > CF – 3 > CF ≥ 1). All values of I geo were within the range 1 > I geo ≥ 0 considered as values ranged between non-pollution – moderately pollution, thus the contribution of geo source supplying with heavy metals was in the lower level. Results indicated that heavy metals concentrations appeared through pollution indexes calculations (EF, CF, PLI and I geo ) were from human activities (anthropogenic source), which support assumption of those soils affected by gases emitted from vehicle exhausts or other human activities. Key words: Heavy metal contamination, roadside soils, enrichment factors, contamination factor, pollution load index, geoaccumulation index, Baghdad, Iraq, AAS.
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Heavy metal accumulation is observed in urban soils, sometimes due to anthropological effects and sometimes due to natural geological units. In order to determine the heavy metal content of the Upper Miocene-Lower Pliocene Selmo Formation, which is observed in the whole study area and consists of conglomerate, sandstone and silt stone, soil and river sediment samples were taken. Within the scope of pollution assessment, geo-accumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF) and pollution index (PI) calculations of Batman urban soil samples were made and different degrees of pollution values were determined. High pollution values were obtained for As, Mo and Sb elements in all pollution indices calculated. The pollution levels of the three elements were determined as strongly to extremely contaminated according to Igeo values, the others except As (very severe enrichment) according to EF values were determined as severe enrichment, and according to PI, all three were determined as strong polluted. Pollution and element distribution maps were created with a geographical information system software. According to the results of correlation analysis and cluster analysis, the elements found to be contaminated are divided into two groups, whose locations and sources of contamination are different. The first group (Sn, Zn and Pb) is observed in the approximate centre of the study area and developed due to traffic emissions. The elements belonging to the second group (especially As, Mo and Sb) show high pollution values in the south-southeast of the study area. These pollutions are thought to be caused by the inadequate storage of mineral oils and batteries that are changed in the industrial site and from leaks in the oil production, storage, refining and transmission phase in TPAO, TÜPRAŞ and BOTAŞ. The analysed samples were compared with the Soil Pollution Control Regulation and WHO standards, and Co, Ni and As element values were found to exceed the permissible values for health.
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Abstract Jazmurian playa was an ephemeral lake with a large catchment in southeast Iran, which dried up over the last 10 years as a result of prolonged drought. As the lake was recipient of incoming industrial water with trace metals deposited to the sediment, the dust is the cause of environmental concern of the region and requires evaluation and better management. The aim of this study was to evaluate the environmental and ecological pollution of Jazmurian playa. Hence, 24 collected surface sedimentary samples were analyzed with ICP-OES. The environmental pollution indices including degree of contamination (Cd), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), pollution load index (PLI) and potential ecological risk (PER) were determined. The study revealed moderately to strongly pollution levels of Pb, Ni and Al, while Dy, Pb, Y, Yb, Sm, Te, U, Cu, Mn, Sc represented moderate pollution. The EF values indicated four sites were highly enriched with Dy, Pb and Ni. The PER results showed high risk for four sites and considerable risk for others. Cluster analysis illustrated interconnection between the contaminants and the sites with major pollution at six sites. Obviously, climate change has considerable complex environmental impacts through transformation of local water and sediment pollution problem.
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Soil samples in Moryayla village located 156 km northeast of Erzurum and Cu mineralization area around it were collected randomly. In these samples, 20 samples were taken in order to investigate the metals found and the pollution limits of these metals and the sources that cause this pollution. The geochemical analyzes (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Fe) of the collected soil samples were made and evaluated with the pollution parameters. In the calculation of these parameters, enrichment factor (EF); geoaccumulation index (Igeo); contamination factor (CF) and pollution load indices (PLI) were used by using average shale values and crust values. Statistically obtained Cu values were calculated as minimum 25.2 ppm, maximum 79.7 ppm and average 45.2. Among the statistically analyzed elements; A high positive correlation was observed between Cd and Pb and Zn, Cr with Ni and Pb and Zn (p
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Anthropogenic activities that happen in Terengganu River were contributed to sediment pollution at that area. The sediment pollution occurred when sediment are additional influenced with chemical adsorption between the metals, grain size, and organic matter. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the metal pollution using Enrichment Factor (EF) and Pollution Load Index (PLI) and compared with the previous study. A total of 15 sediment samples were collected from 5 different rives and metal concentration were analyzed using flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (ASS). The metal concentration ranged as followed: Cr (0.48-12.80 mg/kg), Cu (0.38-15.20 mg/kg), Mg (202.00-2769.00mg/kg), K (63.36-1730.00 mg/kg), Mn (4.27-33.70 mg/kg), Zn (2.05-31.30 mg/kg) and Cl (141.00-584.00 mg/kg) respectively. Enrichment Factor (EF) and Pollution Load Index (PLI) were used as a pollution indicator to access the sediment pollution in selected Terengganu Rivers. The mean Enrichment Factor (EF) value indicated in decrease order Cl (34.70) > Zn (23.44) > Cu (10.37) > Cr (1.95) > K (1.58) > Mg (1.16)> Mn (0.87). Meanwhile, Pollution Load Index (PLI) value showed below than 1 in all sampling stations. When compared with previous study, Mg and Cl metals need to take further action due to dramatically increased within seven years. The output from this study will be useful for environmental management at Terengganu Rivers.
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To investigate soil heavy metal pollution in different functional areas of Sixian City, 48 soil samples were collected in residential, industrial, green, and commercial areas. The concentrations of V, Cr, Zn, Cu, Pb, and as were determined by the geoaccumulation index method and the enrichment factor method, and their pollution levels were evaluated. At the same time, the possible sources of heavy metals were identified by the factor analysis method. The results showed that except for V, the concentrations of the other five heavy metals were higher than the soil background values of Anhui Province. The geoaccumulation indexes revealed that V, Cr, and as were free of pollution, while some sampling sites of Zn, Pb, and Cu were slightly polluted in different functional areas. Heavy metal pollution in different functional areas ranked as commercial area>industrial area>residential area>green area. Given the enrichment factor, V was pollution-free, and as was mildly enriched in all functional areas. Cr was slightly enriched except for the green areas; Zn and Cu were mild to moderately enrichment; Pb was mild to moderately enriched except for the green areas and the pollution in commercial areas was serious. The factor analysis showed that the large contribution rate of Pb and Zn in the first factor may be related to traffic; the second factor (Cr, Cu, and as) possibly come from electronics, metallurgy burning, and machinery manufacturing, and the third factor was a natural process. It can be seen that Zn, Cu, and Pb are the main soil pollution elements in the functional areas of Sixian City.
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Assessment of heavy metal pollutants: Al, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni and Zn was conducted along major roadside soils of Botswana, lying between latitudes 18°S to 27°S and longitudes 20°E to 29°E using enrichment factor ratios (EF), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo) methods. The studied sites were demarcated into five zones referred to as FN (Francistown-Nata), NM (Nata-Maun), MG (Maun-Ghanzi), GK (Ghanzi-Kang) and TS (Tshabong-Sekoma). All the four pollution assessment methods revealed that zones FN, NM and MG are pollution impacted as compared to GK and TS zones. Results of multivariate analysis suggest mixed origins of pollution sources including human activities, vehicular emissions and lithogenic occurrences. Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and Co is of mixed origins of pollutants, with Fe and Mn being predominantly lithogenic, and vehicular emissions characterised by Pb and Ni. The findings in this study will serve to create awareness of vehicular heavy metal pollution to Botswana policy makers in the mitigation of vehicular pollution, as it is barely monitored.
Key words: Heavy metal contamination, roadside soils, enrichment factors, contamination factor, pollution load index, geoaccumulation index, cluster analysis, factor analysis.
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