Acute effects of air pollution on respiratory disease mortalities and outpatients in Southeastern China
Zhe MoQiuli FuLifang ZhangDanni LyuGuangming MaoLizhi WuPeiwei XuZhifang WangXuejiao PanZhijian ChenXiaofeng WangXiaoming Lou
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Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the potential association between air pollutants and respiratory diseases (RDs). Generalized additive models were used to analyze the effect of air pollutants on mortalities or outpatient visits. The average concentrations of air pollutants in Hangzhou (HZ) were 1.6–2.8 times higher than those in Zhoushan (ZS), except for O 3 . In a single pollutant model, the increased concentrations of PM 2.5 , NO 2 , and SO 2 were strongly associated with deaths caused by RD in HZ, while PM 2.5 and O 3 were associated with deaths caused by RD in ZS. All air pollutants (PM 2.5 , NO 2 , SO 2 , and O 3 ) were strongly associated with outpatient visits for RD in both HZ and ZS. In multiple pollutant models, a significant association was only observed between PM 2.5 and the mortality rate of RD patients in both HZ and in ZS. Moreover, strong associations between SO 2 , NO 2 , and outpatient visits for RD were observed in HZ and ZS. This study has provided evidence that both the mortality rates and outpatient visits for RD were significantly associated with air pollutants. Furthermore, the results showed that different air pollutant levels lead to regional differences between mortality rates and outpatient visits.The atmospheric pollution in Osaka area is mainly from automobile tail gases. The quantity and quality of the pollution will be changed because of climatic and geomorphic changes. When continuously monitoring pollution at different points in the same direction in Osaka area, two conclusions were drawn: 1. The air pollution moves from west to east and 2. With air flowing, the urban air pollution also influences the area where no pollution source exists.
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I realize that all aspects of air pollution could not be covered in the report Pediatric Aspects of Air Pollution by the Committee on Environmental Hazards (Pediatrics, 46:637). The material presented suggests that there is an established clinical cause and effect relationship between air pollutants and disease; unfortunately this is not so. We have some statistics which indicate that air pollution affects patients with myocardial infarctions, and that mortality in the aged increased during air polution catastrophies (Meuse Valley, 1930; Donora, Pennsylvania, 1948; and London, 1952 and 1962).
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I realize that all aspects of air pollution could not be covered in the report "Pediatric Aspects of Air Pollution" by the Committee on Environmental Hazards (Pediatrics, 46:637). The material presented suggests that there is an established clinical "cause and effect" relationship between air pollutants and disease; unfortunately this is not so. We have some statistics which indicate that air pollution affects patients with myocardial infarctions, and that mortality in the aged increased during air polution catastrophies (Meuse Valley, 1930; Donora, Pennsylvania, 1948; and London, 1952 and 1962).
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To date, the assessment of public health consequences of air pollution has largely focused on a single-pollutant approach aimed at estimating the increased risk of adverse health outcomes associated with the exposure to a single air pollutant, adjusted for the exposure to other air pollutants. However, air masses always contain many pollutants in differing amounts, depending on the types of emission sources and atmospheric conditions. Because humans are simultaneously exposed to a complex mixture of air pollutants, many organizations have encouraged moving towards "a multipollutant approach to air quality." Although there is general agreement that multipollutant approaches are desirable, the challenges of implementing them are vast.
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Through the air quality daily report in Beijing from June 2000to December 2010,the characteristics of the persistent air pollution in Beijing were analyzed.The result showed that the air quality has been significantly improved in Beijing in recent 10years.The persistent air pollution days and the exceed air quality standard days appeared decreasing trend,but the persistent pollution days account for the proportion of pollution days is still a large,persistent pollution has become a distinctive feature of air pollution in Beijing.Spring is the season of the most persistent air pollution days,average 25.4days per year.Summer is the season with minimum days of persistent air pollution,but the persistent pollution caused by wheat-straw burning often occurs in June.Distribution of persistent air pollution in Beijing can be divided into three types:Dust storm type,pollution accumulation type and wheat-straw burning type.Distribution characteristic of the persistent air pollution effected by dust storm is high API in the whole Beijing,expecially in urban area and southwest of Beijing.The distribution characteristic of the persistent air pollution of pollution accumulation type is of‘higher in the south than north’.The distribution of persistent air pollution of wheat-straw burning type is high API in the suburbs.
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Air pollution, one of the most serious problems in the world also manifests as a major risk to health and the environment. This study focuses on analysing the air quality trends by means of Air Quality Index (AQI) and the pollutant levels in India over the years of 2016-2018. The results show that air quality has been plummeting as years pass by and calculation of parameters such as AQI(Air quality index) helped us arrive at this conclusion. The hourly changes revealed that peaks of pollutant levels from 8:00 - 10:00 as well as 17:00 - 19:00. Striking trends were observed with respect to bandh days, festivals and harvesting seasons.Rainfall confirms to a negative correlation with pollution levels. Investigation results elucidates that industrial activities, indiscriminate open air burning of crops by the farmers, vehicular traffic etc. are responsible for the high concentration of pollutants. A first principles method of forecasting pollution levels reveals that a naive set of parameters do not prove to be efficacious.
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Air pollution in Japan has decreased from the elevated levels found during the period of high economic growth. However, in recent years there is increasing concern regarding air pollution caused by fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its effect on human health. First, we investigated the seasonal and regional characteristics of air pollution caused by PM2.5 using ground measurements in China and Japan. Next, the cause of air pollution was classified as urban air pollution or transboundary air pollution. Air pollution in Fukuoka (in southwestern Japan) is strongly affected by transboundary air pollution. Nearly half of all air pollution in Tokyo (in eastern Japan) may be urban pollution caused by local emissions. PM2.5 high concentration from winter to spring is often caused by transboundary air pollution. On the other hand, PM2.5 high concentration from summer to autumn is greatly influenced by urban pollution. Air pollution caused by PM2.5 high concentration tends to decrease in Japan. This is due to both a reduction in PM2.5 emissions in Japan and a decrease in PM2.5 concentrations in China.
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