Characterization of Botrytis cinerea isolates collected on pepper in Southern Turkey by using molecular markers, fungicide resistance genes and virulence assay
İlknur PolatÖmür BaysalFrancesco MercatiEmine GümrükçüGörkem SülüAytül KitapçıFabrizio AranitiFrancesco Carimi
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The investigation forming the subject of this report was planned to study certain factors affecting Botrytis diseases on certain crop plants. Results are summarised in the following points: 1. The optimum temperature for growth of Botrytis cinerea Pers., Botrytis cinerea f. lini, Botrytis fabae Sard., Botrytis galanthina Berk. & Br., Botrytis narcissicola Kleb., Botrytis paeoniae Oudem. and Botrytia squamosa Walker was 21
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The control of gray mold of small fruits, including blackberry, is caused primarily by Botrytis cinerea in commercial fields and is largely based on fungicide applications. The high risk of fungicide resistance development due to the single-site modes of action of many fungicides combined with the extraordinary genetic diversity of B. cinerea encouraged us to survey populations in South Carolina and neighboring states. A new species, Botrytis caroliniana, as well as the fungicide resistance profile and molecular resistant mechanism was discovered and described in this book.
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The history and status quo of using fungicides and anti-microorganisms to control Botrytis cinerea at home and abroad were summarized. Then the mechanisms of action,biological activities and chemical structures of several types of main fungicides and anti-microorganisms,such as benzimidazoles,dicarboximides,pyrimidinamines,carbamates,strobilurin,phenylpyrroles,phenyl amines and cycloheximides,were introduced. The prevention suggestions of Botrytis cinerea resistance to fungicide were proposed.
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There are several agrochemicals to control Botrytis cinerea , the causal agent for gray mold in grapes, and new ones are being developed. The fungicides used to control Botrytis in vineyards of the Champagne are presented together with some of their deleterious effects on non-target species. Until recently, fungicides basically belonged to three groups: the carbamates, the benzimidazoles, and the cyclic imides. Treatments with these fungicides rapidly became inefficient because of the extreme variability observed within the pathogen. In the last 10 years, new chemicals such as pyrimethanil, fludioxonil, fluazinam, and fenhexamid, all from different chemical groups became available; until now Botrytis displayed no resistance to these chemicals in the Champagne. The problem of residues in wine and in the environment, including their deleterious effects on non-target organisms, as well as acute and sublethal toxicity of the fungicides are discussed. Solutions to limit environmental contamination are presented.
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Gray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is an important disease that causes world-wide extensive damage to a wide range of economically important crops. When it is necessary to determine the spore concentration of Botrytis cinerea in a certain area, it is important to develop a method that can capture the spores of Botrytis cinerea and that can identify them. For the identification and enumeration of the plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea in the environment the easiest method available for the moment is the use of a selective medium. Several selective media for the isolation of Botrytis spp. have been developed by other research groups. All these media contain fungicides that are usually non-toxic towards Botrytis species and tannic acid, which is oxidized to produce a brown pigment that visualises the growth of Botrytis cinerea on the selective media. It seemed that different isolates of Botrytis cinerea that are found in nature have different sensitivities towards the different fungicide concentrations that are used in the selective media. Making the "optimal" selective media for Botrytis cinerea, we have to take in consideration that so many as possible Botrytis cinerea isolates must be able to germinate and grow on this selective medium and that the contamination of other micro-organisms on the selective medium must be minimized. Before the final composition of our selective medium for Botrytis cinerea, different combinations of fungicide concentrations were tried out of the following three fungicides: Rubigan, maneb and PCNB (pentachloronitrobenzene). All these selective media with different fungicides concentrations were tested out for spore germination and mycelium growth of Botrytis cinerea. Because it was obvious that the percentage Botrytis cinerea that germinated on PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) was higher than on the selective medium a few experiments were executed in which the percentage of spore germination on PDA was compared with the percentage of spore germination on selective media. From the results of these experiments a correction factor was calculated that will be used when spore concentrations have to be determined for air detections that are carried out in glasshouses.
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ABSTRACT Two alternatives to chemical control of Botrytis in strawberries were assessed, post-harvest defoliation and finger harrowing, the latter being used primarily in weed control but also claimed to affect the occurrence of Botrytis. Post-harvest defoliation, though having some positive effect on marketable yield, did not reduce the incidence of Botrytis significantly. This was the case regardless of whether or not cut leaf material was removed from the plots. Finger harrowing, though in some instances having a negative effect on yield, did not control Botrytis significantly either. However, it was clearly demonstrated that, in organic strawberry growing, the incidence of Botrytis increases with plant age. Therefore, a short-term cropping system may be more important in controlling Botrytis than either post-harvest defoliation or finger harrowing. In conclusion, the combined use of several cultural methods may be needed when controlling Botrytis in organically grown strawberries.
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Pepper Botrytis cinerea is a very serious disease in Huai'an city,in order to find out the laws of its incidence,we carried out experimental research.The results showed that Pepper Botrytis cinerea incidence peak from mid April to mid May;The pepper varieties Sujiao No.5,Ningjiao No.5,Luojiao No.7 resistance stranger than other varieties shoot;Warm and humid climatic conditions led to the prevalence of Pepper Botrytis cinerea;Pepper Botrytis cinerea cultivation in open field cultivation of incidence easier than shed light,drip irrigation equipment inside the shed cultivation cultivation cushier than the incidence of flooding light;The density of 45 000 plants/ha was lighter than other densities 2.5% Table Celest 500 ~800 times could control of Pepper Botrytis cinerea effectively.
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The objective of the paper is to investigate the sulfur dioxide(SO2) to inhibit Botrytis cinera Pers to control the decay of grapes during storage to select suitable SO2 concentration inhibiting Botrytis cinera Pers to provide a bass for controlling decay of grapes during storage.The fuming treatment medium with different SO2 concentrations and Botrytis cinera Pers on the surface of grapes fruit were used to study inhibition effects on Botrytis cinera Pers and effects on grapes quality and to select suitable SO2 treatment concentration.Resuts showed that there was positive correlation between the inhibition effect of Botrytis cinera Pers in vitro and the inhibition and concentration of Botrytis cinera Pers.The significant effect of SO2 to control Botrytis cinerea Pers was beginning from 200 μL/L.Grapes inoculated Botrytis cinerea Pers bacteriostatic experiment showed,200 μL/L or 250 μl/L treatment effect was significantly better than the other concentrations.But 250 μl/L SO2 handling was harmful to grape quality.Suming up the inhibition of Botrytis cinerea Pers and the affection of grape fruit quality,SO2 concentration of 200 μL/L was suit for embalmed thompson seedless storage.
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