Intracranial Neuromodulation: Deep Brain Stimulation for Pain
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Neuromodulation
Neuromodulation
Movement Disorders
Brain stimulation
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The mammalian brain is reported to contain about 10 6 –10 9 neurons linked together to form complex networks. Physiologically, the neuronal networks interact in a rhythmic oscillatory pattern to coordinate the brain’s functions. Neuromodulation covers a broad range of techniques that can alter neuronal network activity through the targeted delivery of electrical or chemical stimuli. Neuromodulation can be used to potentially treat medical conditions and can serve as a research tool for studying neural functions. Typically, the main method of neuromodulation is to electrically stimulate specific structures in both the central and peripheral nervous systems via surgically implanted electrodes. Therefore, it is imperative to explore novel and safer methods for altering neuronal network activity. Transcorneal electrical stimulation (TES) has rapidly emerged as a non-invasive neuromodulatory technique that can exert beneficial effects on the brain through the eyes. There is substantial evidence to show that TES can change the brain oscillations in rodents. Moreover, the molecular data clearly shows that TES can also activate non-visual brain regions. In this review, we first summarize the use of TES in the retina and then discuss its effects in the brain through the eye-brain connection. We then comprehensively review the substantial evidence from electrophysiological, behavioral, and molecular studies on the role of TES on modulating neurons in the brain. Lastly, we discuss the implications and possible future directions of the research on TES as a non-invasive tool for neuromodulation of the brain via directly stimulating the mammalian eye.
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Chronic Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), which was approved for the treatment of symptoms in Parkinson Disease in 1998, is a conceptually new tool in the field of Neuromodulation. DBS is fundamentally similar to most pharmacological neuro modulation therapies: Both modulate synaptic transmission between nerve cells by modulating the release and/or effectivity of neurotransmitters in synapses. The highly specific functional modulation of brain structures in DBS opens new avenues for Neuromodulation in e.g. epilepsy and psychiatric diseases. Clinical application of DBS (Activa /spl reg/ Therapy), although in the large majority of the patients clinically highly effective, shows a wide range of outcomes. Maturation and standardization of the DBS therapy are required to bring DBS up to "standard of medical care". This paper will address the main concepts of the DBS therapy: Neuroanatomical stereotactic imaging and neurphysio logical brain target identification as well as further research and development to bring this therapy up to standard of medical care.
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Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is a developing therapeutic technique with a high potential to control and treat central nervous system diseases through neuromodulation. DBS utilizes through implanted electrodes that are inserted in the targeted brain structure. Being an emerging technology; neuromodulation introduces many challenges that are not yet comprehensively identified, characterized and resolved. The advancement of this technique requires qualitative and quantitative perception of the brain response to electrical stimulation which is controlled by the electric field distribution within the brain tissue. This can be realized by formulating the tissue-field interaction such that we will have a better understanding of the spatial extent and the direct effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on neurons activity. The focus of this research is to develop a model for encoding and decoding the neuron activity in the DBS region and to address all the parameters that affect this activity in order to have a complete understanding of the DBS problem and to develop a brain model that can be readily used in DBS analysis. Our goal is to study the immediate direct effects of the stimulating field and examine where the beneficial effects of DBS originate since the mechanism of DBS is not yet fully understand and hence an inclusive comprehensive performance study will be done for the DBS problem.
Neuromodulation
Brain stimulation
Subthalamic Nucleus
Local field potential
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Neuromodulation
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Neuromodulation
Associative learning
Associative property
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Neuromodulation
Brain stimulation
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Deep brain stimulation (DBS) refers to a neurosurgical process in which electrical stimulation is delivered via electrodes implanted within deep brain regions. DBS has become the most established clinical therapy for patients with movement disorders, although recent studies have investigated its application in a broad range of neurological and psychiatric disorders as well. Moreover, DBS has proven effective in controlling symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). While early DBS systems were capable of stimulation only, technological advancements have allowed for the direct assessment of dysfunctional brain activity and subsequent stimulation of the pathological circuitry. DBS can also be combined with neurochemical stimulation to address decreased concentrations of dopamine in the brain. Given that both electrical and neurochemical treatments for PD aim to rectify abnormalities in neural activity, the general term "neuromodulation" is considered more accurate and comprehensive. Recent improvements in signal detection and information processing techniques have provided further insight into PD mechanisms, which may aid in the development of personalized biomarkers and in the prediction of symptoms. In this comprehensive review, we discuss various aspects of neuromodulation in patients with PD, including basic theories, stimulation paradigms, and current challenges in the field.
Neuromodulation
Neurochemical
Brain stimulation
Subthalamic Nucleus
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
Movement Disorders
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