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    Producing civil society, ignoring Rivaj: International donors, the state and development interventions in Swat
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    Civil Society
    "Chapter 5: Can an environmental management system be a driving force for sustainability in higher education? A case from the University of Gothenburg, Sweden" published on 30 Sep 2013 by Edward Elgar Publishing.
    Community action is a vital strategy in the fight against climate change and has increasingly informed government policy, academic inquiry and grassroots action since the start of this century. This timely and engaging volume explores both the promise of community-based action in tackling climate change and some of its limitations.
    Grassroots
    Society, in which universities in Japan are embedded, faces a range of diverse structural problems. These include the progressive aging and the continued decrease of the population since 2005, the decline of domestic industry due to recession and the necessity of tackling environmental issues as represented by greenhouse gas emission control stipulated in the 1998 Kyoto Protocol. Universities are affected by the decline in the population of 18 year olds. There are many universities in a state of management crisis unable to procure students sufficiently due to the severe competition among universities. Our discussion is based on the work of the Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ,) since 1999. We first examine the necessary conditions for a campus master plan for realizing the mission of universities (AIJ, 2004)and then direct our attention toward the relationship between campuses and cities – specifically between campuses and the neighboring urban area(Kobayashi et al., 2008), and between academic activities and the activities and livelihoods of the local community (AIJ, 2011).
    University campus