Physicochemical and functional properties of protein isolate obtained from cottonseed meal
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Cottonseed
Cottonseed meal
Endothermic process
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Abstract The inactivation of aflatoxin in cottonseed products has been restricted principally to ammoniation of cottonseed meal. More recently, attention has been focused on the feasibility of ammoniating whole cottonseed as a feed for ruminants. Preliminary work is presented on treatment with gaseous ammonia of undelinted (fuzzy) cottonseed containing an average of 1,500 µg/kg total aflatoxins. These seed were treated with 4% anhydrous ammonia (w/w) for 30 min at temperatures ranging from 66 C to 82 C. The data obtained in this study indicate that inactivation of aflatoxins in undelinted whole cottonseed may be accomplished using processing conditions comparable to those proposed for cottonseed meal.
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FEW experiments have been conducted to determine the value of cottonseed meal in the diets of laying chickens, probably because it is known that it contains substances responsible for olive-colored yolks and pink yolks and whites in stored eggs. It is known that gossypol is the component of cottonseed that causes olive-colored yolks but it apparently is not known if gossypol and the other components of the pigment glands have an adverse effect on the production and hatchability of eggs. Little is known about the feeding value of cottonseed protein— that is, whether cottonseed meal could be used as the only protein concentrate in the diets of laying chickens, or whether it must be supplemented by other protein concentrates if satisfactory results are to be obtained. There are times when cottonseed meal is relatively cheap, and if more information were available about its possible limitations and the methods of correcting . . .
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THE use of cottonseed meals as sources of protein in the diets of growing chickens is increasing, at least partly because they frequently are cheaper than other protein concentrates and recent investigations have led to improvement in their nutritive value. However, because of the toxic properties of gossypol, a component of the pigment glands of cottonseed, the quantity of a cottonseed meal that can be used advantageously in the diet of growing chickens may depend on the quantity of gossypol the meal supplies to the diet. It seems unnecessary in this paper to mention more than a few pertinent references to the literature on the toxicity of gossypol. Withers and Carruth (1915) were apparently the first to report a correlation between a decrease in the amount of gossypol that could be extracted from cottonseed with diethyl ether and an improvement in the nutritive value of the cooked seed. As a …
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IN THE South where cotton is a major crop, cottonseed meal is abundant and relatively cheap. The protein quality, while not as high as animal protein, satisfies the essential amino acid requirements of poultry to an extent that it is a valuable protein supplement. Except for the rather unfortunate characteristic of producing discolored yolks, cottonseed meal is a good, convenient source of protein for the poultry diet. Research has been done previously in order to ascertain the cause of the egg yolk discoloration brought about by cottonseed meal in the diet. In most cases gossypol, a complex polyhydric naphthalene derivative present in cottonseed meal, has been postulated to be wholly or partially responsible although other workers maintain that gossypol plays no part at all. These conclusions have all been based on feeding trials. No chemical interpretations of the yolk discoloration have been reported. Inasmuch as all biological processes are fundamentally . . .
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THE successful incorporation of cottonseed products in a layer ration has, for some time, been a problem for nutritionists as well as for poultrymen. Evidently, the first report of the problem was by Roberts and Rice (1891). They fed rations containing cottonseed meal which produced mottled yolks. However, no effort was made to determine the real cause of the abnormality. Similar results were indicated by Lamon and Lee (1917), who found that the “greenish spots on the yolks” were more frequent during the warmer portion of the year. Upon testing cottonseed meal produced from glanded and glandless cottonseed, Heywang et al. (1965) found that meal from glanded cottonseed produced a high incidence of mottled yolks while that from the glandless seed produced only limited mottling and in some cases no mottling. Thompson et al. (1930) found no evidence to show that gossypol was the factor involved in the discoloration of . . .
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SUMMARY— Glandless cottonseed meals were prepared under controlled conditions in a pilot plant by three different processing methods. These meals along with a glandless cottonseed meal produced at a commercial oil mill were used as source meals for protein isolates. Two protein fractions differing in composition and characteristics were isolated from each type meal using a two‐step, two‐solvent isolation procedure developed at the USDA Southern Utilization R & D Div. yields of each isolate precipitated at three different pH levels were determined on the pilot plant meals. Isolate yields from the commercial meal were determined near the respective isoelectric points of the two fractions. Functional properties including whippability, heat gelation, solubility and foaming properties, were measured on all isolates. Variation in measured values due to meal processing method and precipitation pH was statistically assessed in some instances. Meal processing method was found to significantly affect the yield of Isolate I, the minor isolate. pH of precipitation was found to significantly affect the yield of Isolate II, the major isolate. Also, it was shown that the pH‐solubility profiles of both Isolates I and II could be altered by changing the pH at which they were precipitated. The functional properties of isolates from meals processed without heat were superior to those of isolates from heated meals. Data collected indicated the need for a new practice in evaluating the extent of denaturation of cottonseed protein products. The present practice of determining nitrogen solubility at one point was shown to be inadequate.
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THE use of cottonseed meal in poultry rations, especially rations for laying hens, has been limited by problems due to cyclopropenoid fatty acids and to the cottonseed pigment commonly called gossypol. Phelps et al. (1965) and Phelps (1966) have published extensive reviews of compounds in cottonseed products which alter the performance of poultry or cause discoloration of eggs. The recent development of low gossypol glandless cottonseed meal resulting from the genetic studies of McMichael (1954, 1959, 1960) has presented the possibility of increased use of glandless cottonseed meal in laying hen rations. Johnston and Watts (1964, 1965a, b) compared laboratory-prepared glandless cottonseed meal, a commercially processed, prepress, solvent extracted, glanded cottonseed meal, and solvent extracted soybean meal in broiler diets. Lysine supplementation produced a growth response in all diets, but the greatest response was with the glanded cottonseed. The authors concluded that the glandless cottonseed meal was equal to soybean…
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