Composition of Pre-Quaternary Surface and Quaternary Sediments Allocation on the Territory of the Kaliningrad Region
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Denudation
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Low-temperature thermochronology, such as that provided by apatite fission-track analysis, provides a valuable means of establishing the timing of major denudational events and associated rates of denudation over geological time-scales of 106–108 Ma. Care must be taken, however, in deriving denudation rates from the crustal cooling histories documented by thermochronologic techniques, especially in rapidly eroding terrains, since, in such cases, apparent denudation rates derived from thermochronologic data will usually overestimate true rates if the advective effect of denudation is not included. This is likely to be resolvable where the rate of denudation exceeds 300 m Ma−1 and when the depth of denudation occurring at these rates exceeds several kilometres prior to the sample cooling below the appropriate closure temperature. Because the time at which a sample cools below a particular closure temperature is relatively insensitive to advection, the initiation of denudation can be accurately established, even given uncertainties in the estimation of depths and rates of denudation. Where thermal events originate from a source within or below the lower crust, the cooling through denudation will dominate the low-temperature history of the shallow crust if denudation occurs coevally with the subsurface heating. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Denudation
Thermochronology
Fission track dating
Closure temperature
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This paper evaluates the denudation thickness on the denudation surface in the deep part of Songliao Basin using Dow method and its correction method basing on vitrinite reflectance restore calculation.The result shows that the denudation thickness obtained by Dow method is less than 1 100～3 000 m except Well Yushen 1 with the d/s denudation thickness of 1 534.7 m.The denudation thickness obtained by Dow method is less than 730 m.Comparing to this value, the deep denudation thickness obtained by the correction method considering the reburial effect is 1 100~3 000 m.The analysis shows that Dow method may correspond to the lower limit of the denudation thickness value,while the correction method may correspond to the upper value.
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Vitrinite reflectance
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We have determined the chemical erosion yields for fifteen watersheds in New Zealand, ranging in size from 12.2 to 2928 km 2 . These rates, coupled with previously measured physical erosion yields, allow us to compare these two modes of landscape denudation. The physical erosion yields are some of the highest measured in the world. Although in most instances the chemical erosion yields are only a small fraction of the total erosion yields, the absolute values are very high. Our data strongly support the notion that chemical erosion rates are greatly influenced by the yield of physical erosion and that the rapid production of fresh surfaces as a result of high physical erosion rates and subsequent denudation is critical to the high chemical erosion yields observed.
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Through comparative analysis of the erosion-deposition variation in the Yellow River estuary under the natural and flow/sediment regulation condition,the paper explored the influence mechanism of the Xiaolangdi project on the erosion-deposition variation.The results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between land-forming area and the flow and sediment in the Yellow River.The Xiaolangdi project regulation improved the flow and sediment condition in the Yellow River,which rapidly changed the Yellow River estuary state from erosion to deposition and the spit extended at the rate of 0.9km/a,resulting in a land-forming rate 1.34times from 2003to 2006which was higher than that under the natural flow/ sediment condition from 1977to 1989and an extending length per 0.1billion of spit 2.9times.The Xiaolangdi project should regulate the flow/sediment about 0.02t/m3 and the incoming sediment coefficient to 0.01～0.015(kg·s)/m6 in Lijin station,which was at least about 2×1010 m3 of flow,(3～4)×108 t of transported sediment and 6.34～9.52kg/m3 of sediment concentration,to drive the Yellow River estuary development in the positive direction.
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Sedimentary budget
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In the alpine Hrafndalur catchment denudation rates are relatively high, with mechanical denudation dominating over chemical denudation due to high mechanical weathering rates of the low-resistant rhyolites in this area. Both the Kidisjoki and the Latnjavagge catchments are characterised by low contemporary denudation rates where chemical denudation dominates over mechanical fluvial denudation. In Latnjavagge, the low intensity of mechanical fluvial denudation is mainly due to a closed and stable vegetation cover. The low-relief area of Kidisjoki is characterised by very low mechanical fluvial denudation rates.
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Alpine climate
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A negative correlation between sediment yield and weathering history, as measured by the chemical alteration (CIA) of the suspended sediment, is observed for many of the world's major rivers and other regions of denudation. The weathering history is a first-order control on the sediment yield of such areas, termed equilibrium denudation regions. For other areas, data scatter with either apparent increases or decreases of sediment yield for given CIA values. These areas are termed nonequilibrium denudation regions. Low sediment yields can be attributed to moderated erosion (either natural or human induced) and/or the incorporation of unweathered glacial debris. Accelerated erosion, resulting in high sediment yield, is primarily human-induced and results from cultivation and other land use. Each of these effects has a profound influence on global sediment discharge from the continents. Pre-human suspended sediment discharge from the continents is estimated to be $$12.6 \times 10^{15} g/yr$$ or about 0.6 the present discharge.
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Abstract Wildfires can dramatically increase erosion rates over time scales on the order of several years, yet few data firmly constrain the relative importance of post‐wildfire erosion in the long‐term denudation of landscapes. We tested the hypothesis that wildfire‐affected erosion is responsible for a large majority of long‐term denudation in the uplands of the Valles Caldera, New Mexico, by quantifying erosion rates in wildfire‐affected and non‐wildfire‐affected watersheds over short (~10 0 –10 1 years) time scales using suspended sediment loads, multitemporal terrestrial laser scanning, and airborne laser scanning and over long (~10 3 –10 6 years) time scales using 10 Be inventories and incision into a dated paleosurface. We found that following the Las Conchas fire in 2011, mean watershed‐averaged erosion rates were more than 1000 µm yr −1 , i.e., ~10 3 –10 5 times higher than nearby unburned watersheds of similar area, relief, and lithology. Long‐term denudation rates are on the order of 10–100 µm yr −1 . Combining data for wildfire‐affected and non‐wildfire‐affected erosion rates into a long‐term denudation rate budget, we found that wildfire‐affected erosion is responsible for at least 90% of denudation over geologic time scales in our study area despite the fact that such conditions occur only at a small fraction of the time. Monte Carlo analyses demonstrate that this conclusion is robust with respect to uncertainties in the rates and time scales used in the calculations.
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Lithology
Caldera
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