Overview of Psychological Considerations in the Management of Patients with Chronic Respiratory Conditions
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Abstract Stressors are associated with higher subjective ages, but the role of forecasting and coping with future stressors is unknown. 223 adults (107 aged 18-36, 116 aged 60-90) reported their subjective age, forecasts of next-day health stressors, and anticipatory coping with next-day health stressors each day for eight consecutive days. There was no main effect of forecasting, but increases in plan rehearsal coping were associated with increases in felt age. In contrast, increases in problem analysis coping were associated with decreases in felt age. Daily forecasting and coping also interacted with each other. On days with low plan rehearsal or low problem analysis, there was no association between forecasting of health stressors and subjective age. However, on days with high plan rehearsal or high problem analysis, increases in forecasting ratings were associated with increases in subjective age. Forecasting and coping with future stressors may play a role in subjective aging.
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Thirty-nine school-age children and adolescents with cancer in remission completed the Children's Stress Inventory (CSI) and a cancer-related stress and coping measure (McCabe & Weisz, 1988) that elicited information about their life stressors and coping strategies. Children identified a range of stressors including general life and cancer-related stress, but general life stressors accounted for the majority of their perceived stress. Children were not consistent across cancer-related and non-cancer-related stressful situations, except for their use of intrapsychic coping strategies. Compared with school-age children, adolescents used more emotion-management and less problem-solving coping strategies when faced with cancer-related stressors, but not when dealing with non-cancer-related stress. When coping with cancer-related stress, females used more emotion-management and less problem-solving strategies than males. Findings have implications for refinement of measures and future research.
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Stress Management
Childhood Cancer
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In Brazil, the clinical model has predominated in Home care (HC). A psychosocial approach is necessary for problems identified in the home environment. The objectives of this paper were to present a psychosocial approach instrument for HC patients and their families and to describe the applicability of the psychosocial model using this instrument. The instrument was applied to HC patients and their families by home healthcare professionals who were participating in a HC course. We observed that it was feasible, although clinical reasoning took precedence over psychosocial reasoning. This instrument must be validated and new research must be carried out to qualify its use in teaching and HC.
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Family health
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Psychosocial Support
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Abstract According to the Person × Situation theoretical framework, people adjust their coping to address the unique challenges of encountered stressors. Whether their strategies fit or appropriately address these stressor challenges influences adjustment. We examined the fit between pre-treatment stressors reported by hematological cancer patients awaiting allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (alloBMT) and their coping responses. Stressors were categorized as controllable versus uncontrollable; coping responses were categorized as problem- versus emotion-focused versus mixed (i.e., elements of both coping types). We hypothesized that patients would employ coping responses that fit the controllability of stressors (i.e., a match between stressor and coping response): problem-focused coping for controllable stressors and emotion-focused coping for uncontrollable stressors. In qualitative interviews, pre-BMT patients (10 men, 7 women) described encountered stressors and how they coped with them. Every reported stressor was linked with its associated coping response, resulting in a stressor–coping pair. We determined the proportion of total stressor–coping pairs in which the coping response matched the controllability of its linked stressor. Most stressor–coping pairs involving uncontrollable stressors showed the hypothesized match with emotion-focused or mixed coping. Contrary to hypotheses, fewer stressor–coping pairs that involved controllable stressors matched with problem-focused or mixed coping. Rather, these pairs were more likely to link controllable stressors with emotion-focused coping (i.e., mismatch between stressor controllability and type of coping). AlloBMT candidates may appraise the pre-treatment stage, globally, as permitting very little control. Coping efforts may consequently emphasize regulation of negative emotions (i.e., emotion-focused coping).
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Bone marrow transplant
Avoidance coping
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The goodness of fit among the appraised changeability of a stressor, coping, and depression in people with psychiatric, physical health, work, and family problems was examined (N = 746). It was expected that problem-focused coping (as opposed to emotion-focused coping) would be used more and be more adaptive in situations appraised as changeable as compared with situations appraised as not changeable. Although few relationships existed between appraisal and coping, tests of fit between coping and depressed mood (maladaption) were much stronger. In people with nonpsychiatric conditions, problem-focused coping and depressed mood were negatively related when a stressor was appraised as changeable but were unrelated when a stressor was appraised as not changeable. Emotion-focused coping was positively related to depression when a stressor was appraised as changeable. No general relations were observed in the people with psychiatric conditions.
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Coping behavior
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The study explores the psychosocial care-givers knowledge and skills on medical and psychosocial issues in Hemophilia pre-and post participation in the training program conducted in four different North Indian States. The objectives of the study is 1) To approach a cross-section of psychosocial workers and ascertain their views on the psychosocial support in Hemophilia; 2) To critically examine the views/perceptions of the psychosocial workers pre and post training workshop .3) To analyze the responses of the psychosocial workers about medical and psychosocial implications of hemophilia. 4) To identify issues, emerging from empirical evidence, which could be utilized for preparing the guidelines for the psychosocial workers. The findings showed that overall the psychosocial care-givers awareness improved post training on different subsets on the psychosocial awareness questionnaire. This indicates that regular education and updating of knowledge of the care-givers is important. A close perusal of findings suggests that age and experience were closely related to the awareness on the psychosocial issues in Hemophilia. It was found that the young respondents' awareness significantly improved post training whereas there were moderate changes in the responses of the older participants. On the whole, the change in awareness level witnessed after training illustrates that by providing adequate education and information, good results can be achieved, that will benefit PWH and their families, as well as those responsible for giving care to patients suffering from hemophilia.
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This longitudinal study examines the situational specificity of coping strategies for 3943 male employees of the research and development division of an industrial company. The Job Stress Scale-Revised version (JSS-R) was administered twice to the same subjects 40 months apart to assess chronic job stressors (qualitative and quantitative) and coping strategies (problem-solving, support-seeking, and problem-leaving). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine changes in coping strategies corresponding to changes in chronic job stressors. The results suggest a situational specificity of coping strategies. (a) With decreasing qualitative stressors, “problem-solving” coping increases and “problem-leaving” coping decreases. (b) With increasing qualitative stressors, “problem-leaving” coping increases and “problem-solving” coping decreases. (c) With increasing quantitative stressors, “support-seeking” coping increases. (d) With decreasing quantitative stressors, “problem-leaving” coping decreases. (e) There is no variance in “problem-leaving” coping attributable to the change in the quantitative stressors when the qualitative stressors decrease or increase. “Problem-leaving” coping is more strongly related to qualitative than quantitative stressors.
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Situational ethics
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The students of City Institute of Dalian University of Technology are sampled by using Psychological Crisis Stressors and Coping Style scales.The independent college students′psychological crisis stressors and coping style under every factor influence are analyzed,and correlation analysis is made on psychological crisis stressors and coping style.Some valuable suggestions are proposed for independent college students′psychological crisis stressors and coping style.
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