Relationship between acute and chronic toxicity for prevalent organic pollutants in Vibrio fischeri based upon chemical mode of action
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Chronic toxicity
Bioconcentration
Aquatic toxicology
Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) predict bioconcentration and acute toxicity to fish of chemicals causing narcosis on the basis of hydrophobicity, as measured by the octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow). Since the development of water quality objectives to protect fish is limited by the availability of suitable chronic toxicity data, we applied the QSAR concept to published and unpublished data to determine (a) whether chronic toxicity could be related to Kow and (b) whether application factors are constant, i.e., whether QSARs for acute and chronic toxicity are parallel. Our conclusions are as follows: (1) A QSAR, based on hydrophobicity (log Kow), appears to exist for the chronic toxicity of organic chemicals inducing acute toxicity by narcosis. Although not definitive, this QSAR was not parallel to that for acute toxicity and does not appear to support the concept of constant application factors. (2) Log Kow has a major effect on the rate of net bioconcentration of certain organic chemicals; therefore, the relationship of toxicity to log Kow may not be linear if exposure times are fixed, as very different amounts of toxicants will be taken up over a fixed time period. (3) As a result of the effect of log Kow on bioconcentration rates, many toxicity tests of relatively short, fixed duration may underestimate toxicity of some hydrophobic organic compounds, especially those exhibiting high log Kow values. Hence, water quality objectives developed directly from this data, without appropriate compensation, may not be restrictive enough. (4) To increase the accuracy, comparability and applicability of aquatic bioassay test results, especially for compounds of widely differing hydrophobicity, standard tests should be redesigned. For example, it may be more accurate if the exposure or dosage for the test organism is expressed as a summation of the periodically calculated product of body toxicant level and time up to predetermined summation values.
Bioconcentration
Chronic toxicity
Aquatic toxicology
Environmental toxicology
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The Environmental Research Laboratory in Duluth Minnesota is the EPA's Center of expertise in freshwater aquatic toxicology. The Laboratory is examining ways that might be used to draw valid conclusions on the basis of a small amount of data concerning toxicity to aquatic organisms without requiring the collection of large amounts of additional toxicity data in all situations. Data concerning acute toxicity and acute-chronic ratios were obtained from draft and final aquatic life criteria documents so that several kinds of analysis could be performed. An analysis of the dependence of the Final Acute Value (FAV) on the number of Genus Mean Acute Values (GMAVs) used in its calculation demonstrated that, although for many data sets the FAV increased as the number of GMAVs increased above the minimum of eight, the FAV decreased for a few data sets. Final Acute Value Factors (FAVFs), which are intended to relate the results of one or a few acute toxicity tests to a FAV, were derived by empirical and theoretical methods. The empirical derivation of FAVFs was accomplished using specially selected samples (i.e., subsets) of acute values obtained from data sets contained in the criteria documents.
Aquatic toxicology
Chronic toxicity
Value (mathematics)
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Chronic toxicity
Aquatic toxicology
Daphnia magna
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Chronic toxicity
Narcotic
Daphnia magna
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Chronic toxicity
Bioconcentration
Aquatic toxicology
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To assess the impact of molinate on freshwater aquatic organisms, acute and chronic toxicity studies for waterfleas were conducted. In acute toxicity studies for Daphnia magna, and Moina macrocopa, the 48-h values were 11.4 and 8.3 mg/L respectively. And in reproduction toxicity studies for the same species, the NOEC's were 2.5 and 2.0 mg/L respectively. These results suggest that waterfleas have simillar sensitivity to molinate. On the other hand, the NOEC for 3-generation toxicity of moina macrocopa 0.16 mg/L, was much lower than those of acute values. This studies concludes that molinate has minimal risk to waterfleas in river.
Daphnia magna
Chronic toxicity
Aquatic toxicology
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The use of internal concentrations as a dose parameter for baseline toxicity requires an understanding of the relationship between accumulation level and toxic effects, not only for acute but also for chronic exposure. In this study of chronic toxicity of the nonpolar narcotic 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene (TeCB) to Chironomus riparius, the chronic median lethal concentration (LC50) was determined to be 0.99 (0.54-1.82) microM, the median sublethal effect concentration (EC50) for growth was 0.76 (0.73-0.97) microM, and the chronic (sublethal) no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) was 0.24 +/- 0.01 microM. An acute-to-chronic ratio of 9.8 was calculated from a previously determined acute LC50 value and this NOEC. The chronic critical body residue (CBR), 136 mmol/kg lipid, was the same as the acute CBR, previously determined. The similarity of the chronic and acute CBRs lends support to the exposure time independent aspect of baseline toxicity theory. An implication of this is that internal concentrations estimated by biomimetic sampling devices may be compared to acute CBR data to determine chronic baseline toxicity risk. Such sampling devices, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers, were simultaneously exposed during the toxicity test. The results of this study suggest that body residues estimated with SPME may be used to predict baseline toxicity for various exposure durations.
Chironomus riparius
Narcotic
Chronic toxicity
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Acute toxicity of 25 narcotic compounds to D. magna was determined in this paper. Acute/ Chronic Ratios (ACRs), which are often used to estimate chronic toxicity from acute toxicity data, are discussed based on Quantitative Structure‐Activity Relationships (QSARs) of the compounds between both acute and chronic toxicity data and n‐octanol/water partition coefficients, and an improved equation is derived to estimate chronic toxicity data from acute toxicity data. Application of the improved equation and ACRs is illustrated for D. magna and fathead minnow to estimate chronic toxicity from acute toxicity.
Chronic toxicity
Daphnia magna
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The determination of the chronic toxicity is time-consumed and costly, so it's of great interest to predict the chronic toxicity based on acute data. Current methods include the acute to chronic ratios (ACRs) and the QSTR models, both of which have some usage limitations. In this paper, the acute and chronic mixture toxicity of three types of antibiotics, namely sulfonamides, sulfonamide potentiators and tetracyclines, were determined by a bioluminescence inhibition test. A novel QSTR model was developed for predicting the chronic mixture toxicity using the acute data and docking-based descriptors. This model revealed a complex relationship between the acute and chronic toxicity, i.e. a linear correlation between the acute and chronic lg(-lgEC50)s, rather than the simple EC
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Photobacterium phosphoreum
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