Effect of granular activated carbon on the aerobic granulation of sludge and its mechanism
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An experimental study into twin screw granulation (TSG) has been performed using a design of experiments (DoE) approach. The properties of the produced granules are compared to those reported previously from a range of continuous and batch granulation processes. The effect of processing parameters such as speed, temperature and binder content on granule strength and structure are analysed. Seeded granule structures were found to be present in all but one type of granulator (Extrudomix) and longer residence times were found to lead to maximum seeded structures with a batch Cyclomix granulator. Granule crushing strengths were found to be higher in TSG than all other continuous equipment and the optimum condition for the formation of stronger granules with the lowest variation was around 65.4 °C. Overall, an equipment-specific DoE approach was shown to be a useful method to establish the relationship between process parameters, structure and properties.
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The fluidized bed granulation is used widely in the manufacturing process of solid drug products. It is known that the optimum condition of granulation is not decided simply because of the complexity of the operation factors. In this study, the effects of manufacturing factors on the physical properties of granules are investigated to clarify the granulation mechanism. From the experimental results, it is found that the average particle size is determined by the moisture content of the granule. From the theoretical consideration of the physical properties of the granule, a granulation model is proposed. The granule density and bulk density are found to be simulated by this granulation model. At the same time, the scale effects of experimental apparatus on the physical properties of the granule are discussed.
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Abstract Using water as a binding agent, some of the factors affecting the preparation of superphosphate granules have been investigated. The amount of water added to the material completely dominates the other physical variables in determining the characteristics of the granules formed. An optimum water content was found for which the proportion of granules within a specified size range (–4 + 14 Tyler mesh) was at a maximum. Granulation with simultaneous drying showed that an increase in the drying rate results in a decrease in the rate of granule growth. The speed at which the granulator is rotated to obtain the correct “tumbling action” is influenced by the internal surface of the drum and the presence and design of internal flights. The mechanical strength of superphosphate granules depends on the quantity of binding agent used in the granulation process and the degree of agitation. The dry strength of the granules formed is considerably greater than the wet strength.
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