Improving the timing jitter of a superconducting nanowire single-photon detection system
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Abstract:
Low timing jitter is a unique merit of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) for time-correlated applications. Quantitative analysis was performed for the SNSPD system. Aided by an oscilloscope with an optimal signal amplitude, we were able to measure a full width at half-maximum system timing jitter as low as 14.2 ps for a high-switching-current SNSPD using a room-temperature low-noise amplifier. When using a time-correlated single-photon counting module, the system timing jitter was 17.3 ps. The detector's intrinsic timing jitter was estimated at ∼12.0 ps.Keywords:
Photon Counting
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Rise time
Small magnetic probes for use in a collisionless shock experiment have been constructed. The method of building the coil, connecting it to the oscilloscope, shielding and enclosing the probe, calibration, and testing of the time response with a fast square wave pulse and a sampling oscilloscope are described. These probes, with response times of
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The general model for measuring the rise time of pulse signals with an oscilloscope is presented.The correlation between the rise time and its bandwidth of a probe or a vertical amplifier of oscilloscopes is proved.The impacts of the rise time of pulse signal,probe and vertical amplifier on the total rise time are discussed,and several important factors affecting the measurement accuracy are explored.
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Low timing jitter is a unique merit of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) for time-correlated applications. Quantitative analysis was performed for the SNSPD system. Aided by an oscilloscope with an optimal signal amplitude, we were able to measure a full width at half-maximum system timing jitter as low as 14.2 ps for a high-switching-current SNSPD using a room-temperature low-noise amplifier. When using a time-correlated single-photon counting module, the system timing jitter was 17.3 ps. The detector's intrinsic timing jitter was estimated at ∼12.0 ps.
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A prototype 200 μm diameter Al0.52In0.48P p+-i-n+ mesa photodiode (2 μm i-layer) was characterised at temperatures from 100 °C to −20 °C for the development of a temperature tolerant photon counting X-ray spectrometer. At each temperature, X-ray spectra were accumulated with the AlInP detector reverse biased at 0 V, 5 V, 10 V, and 15 V and using different shaping times. The detector was illuminated by an 55Fe radioisotope X-ray source. The best energy resolution, as quantified by the full width at half maximum (FWHM) at 5.9 keV, was observed at 15 V for all the temperatures studied; at 100 °C, a FWHM of 1.57 keV was achieved, and this value improved to 770 eV FWHM at −20 °C. System noise analysis was also carried out, and the different noise contributions were computed as functions of temperature. The results are the first demonstration of AlInP's suitability for photon counting X-ray spectroscopy at temperatures other than ≈20 °C.
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Photon-counting combined with M-ary PPM is practically the most efficient means for implementing freespace optical communications. Data rates are limited by the speed of the counting devices. We calculate here the performance with soft decision coding that one can expect for speeds so fast that device-limiting timing jitter is the primary source of measurement error.
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Photon counting and timing are generic tasks in many photonics laboratories. However, the cost of a commercial photon counter system can be a limiting factor to establish a new laboratory. Homemade photon counters can present a cost-saving solution, but they can also present a demanding side project not always part of the main research. Modern digital oscilloscopes are available in most universities and can provide a simple solution to measure photon statistics. Here, we describe the technicalities and limitations for counting and timing photons using a digital oscilloscope.
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In this paper we present an algorithm of signal processing that allows the use of a PC-based oscilloscope in order to count events with a time stamping register. This novel application has a direct use on recording of arrival times of individual photons detected on one or more detection channels in quantum optics experiments. In particular, we report experimental results of the time stamping acquisition with a temporal resolution of 6.4 ns of non-periodic signals from single-photon counting modules.
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Photon-counting is known to be the practically most efficient means for detection of free-space optical communications. Data rates will always be limited, however, by the speed at which such devices can operate. We calculate here the performance one can expect as one demands speeds so fast that device-limiting timing jitter substantially corrupts the measurements.
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Pulses of 100 ps full width at half maximum (FWHM) have been displayed on a direct current to 5-GHz real-time oscilloscope. The 100-ps duration includes contributions from the oscilloscope, the photodetector, and the laser pulse,Maximum current in the linear regime of the photodiode is ≈3 amperes so that electric pulses of ≈70 ps FWHM and ≈150 volts can be obtained with the laser-detector combination. Results of a simple optical method for determining the exposure time of high-speed electronic cameras are also briefly given.
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The application of the internal electronics of a commercial sampling oscilloscope, modified by a few additional components which do not interfere with the normal functions of the oscilloscope, as a very fast time-to-amplitude converter for measurements of short time differences is described. The electronic modifications and their functions are reported. The electronic time resolution has a FWHM of 3.2×10−11 sec, a slope decay t1/2 of 5×10−12 sec, and certainly can be improved. The range of measurable time differences lies between some picoseconds and some milliseconds.
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