Effect of integrated nitrogen management of fertility status of rice soil
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Field experiment with rice crop using N fertiliser, FYM, Sesbania aculeata and Azospirillum at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University farm, Coimbatore revealed that there was a depletion of all the major nutrients with the application of fertiliser N alone. Conjoint addition of green manure with fertiliser N improved the status of available N2 organic carbon, NH4-N, Olsen - P and NH4OAc-K. A substantial increase in the fertility status was also observed with the incorporation of FYM with higher doses of N fertilisers. However, there was a drastic reduction of NO3-N in rice soil with all the treatments studied.Keywords:
Nutrient Management
Soil carbon
Field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Thirupathisaram during rabi season of 2011-12 to study the effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) on rice under rice-rice-pulse cropping system. The treatments structure comprised viz., T1- Control (No manures/fertilizers), T2- Organic manuring (Sesbania aculeata @ 6.25 t ha-1), T3- Inorganic Fertilization (NPK @ 150:50:50 kg ha-1 for medium duration rice) and T4-Integrated Nutrient Management (Sesbania aculeata @ 6.25 t ha-1 + NPK @ 150:50:50 kg ha-1). Biometrics such as plant height, number of tillers hill-1, number of panicles m-2, number of grains panicle-1, panicle length, grain yield and straw yield were recorded. Integrated Nutrient management significantly influenced the growth and yield. The results revealed that treatment receiving application of Sesbania aculeata @ 6.25 t ha-1 + 150:50:50 kg NPK ha-1 for medium duration rice TPS 3 recorded relatively higher growth, yield and economics than other treatments.
Panicle
Nutrient Management
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The field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University to evaluate the impact of different kind of green manures on soil nutrient balance through adding biomass and N,P and K accumulation. Green manuring crops were incorporated after in situ cultivation and results showed that, the biomass incorporation increased the N production in soil. The biomass from Sesbania rostrata, Sesbania aculeata and Crotalaria juncea gave the higher dry matter and nutrient status. Incorporation of Sesbania rostrata and Sesbania aculeata added more organic matter and nitrogen to the soil after green manure incorporation than the prior soil. However, the improved soil quality was recorded with S. rostrata and S. aculeata followed by C. juncea and V. unguiculata incorporation as compared to control (no green manure) and other green manuring crops. The nutrient balance of soil after incorporation of different green manuring crops specially S. rostrata, S. aculeata and C. juncea showed positive balance of nutrients than other green manures.
Bangladesh Agron. J. 2019, 22(1): 39-45
Crotalaria juncea
Oxisol
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Green manuring is an age old practice dating back to the beginning of the Christian era and is researched in India for long. Research on green manuring is ample and continued to be studied on potential green manures, their method of establishment, utility and release pattern of nitrogen, its role in Integrated Nutrient Management for rice, as an intercrop in rice, incorporation methods and similar other aspects. Review of literatures state that green manuring in no case substituted entirely the chemical N indicating the essentiality of integration of fertiliser N with green manures. Sesbania aculeata and S. rostrata were predominantly grown for organic manuring in rice. Among the green manures, S. aculeata and S. speciosa exhibited higher organic carbon content with wider C-N ratio than S. rostrata. Green manure contains two N fractions. One which decomposes immediately after incorporation is named as ‘Fast N’ and the other which decomposes slowly over several years as ‘Slow N’. With most of the green manures, ‘Fast N’ accounts for 50–80 per cent of total N. During the first crop period 65 per cent of the green manure decomposes and it is 14 per cent in the next crop. It was found that incorporation of young green manure ensured adequate mineralisation of N and the optimum age for tncorporation is 45 days. S. aculeata adds more biomass in shorter period than S. rostrata and it was also not necessary to allow any decomposition period to daincha before planting. S. cannabina and S. restrata are found to be more promising in soils with low P levels. Sesbania rostrata seemed to be sensitive to high pH whereas, S. aculeata can be grown in soils which are saline and also found promising in reclamation of the soil. From the review, it could be concluded that daincha is a most appropriate green manure crop for low land rice.
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Crotalaria juncea
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Now-a-days, the use of organic manures has been overlooked in favour of chemical fertilizers. Interest in green manures has also been revived because of the continuously increasing concern for maintaining long-term soil productivity and ecological sustainability. This interest has led to the identification of lesser known legume plants that have green manuring potential, e.g. Sesbania cannabina. Sesbania has vigorous growth and is adapted to various adverse climatic conditions. Sesbania species fix nitrogen, and produce large no of root nodules for this purpose. Thus, it provides low-cost nitrogen inputs incrop production system. Sesbania cannabina is a multipurpose annual plant which can serve as a green manure, green leaf manure, a biofertilizer and is a good companion crop for wetland rice cultivation. It grows well under water logged or unirrigated conditions, tolerant to high temperatures (36-44°C), high soil alkalinity (pH 10) and establishes during rainy season in a wide variety of soils such as loamy, clayey, black and sandy soils. Sesbania species can play an important role in long-term maintenance of soil fertility and productivity.
Biofertilizer
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Field investigations were carried out to assess the possibility of including green manure crops with grain legumes in the pre-rice season and to study their effect on the succeeding rice. Two green manures, Sesbania aculeata and Sesbania rostrata were inter-cropped with greengram and redgram and incorporated to the follow up rice crop treated with three levels of N viz., 0, 50 and 100 kg N ha-1. Results indicated that loss in yield of grain legumes due to intercropping was well compensated by the green manure contribution to the succeeding rice. Rice yield obtained with incorporation of S. rostrata and redgram with 50 kg N ha-1 was higher than that obtained with 100 kg N ha' alone thus resulting in a saving of 50 kg of fertiliser N ha-1.
Intercropping
Cropping system
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Field experiments were conducted in kharif, rabi and summer seasons of 1993 - 94 in the University Experiment Farm at Annamalainagar to assess the seasonal influence on nodulation, biomass production and nitrogen accumulation of three green manures viz.. Sesbania rostrata, S. aculeata and Crotalaria juncea. The different seasons had significant influence on the productivity of green manures, kharif season crops performed better followed by summer and rabi season crops. The S. rostrata green manure produced higher green biomass (27.85 t ha') and accumulated higher nitrogen (247 kg ha) with abundant stem nodules during Aharif season. The S. aculeata green manure was next best and recorded more root nodules. The C. juncea green manure produced lower green biomass and accumulated lesser nitrogen in the soil.
Crotalaria juncea
Kharif crop
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Experiments were conducted during summer and kharif seasons of 2000–2002. Two gram legumes (Vigna radiate, Vigna unguiculata) and two green manures (Sesbania aculeate, Phaseolus trilobus) were raised in 2:1 proportion in the pre-rice season. Grain yield was higher when both grain legumes were grown as sole crops. The yield reduction due to intercropping was lower in green gram than cowpea and it ranged between 12.0 and 20.7 per cent. Sesbania aculeata recorded more biomass production and N accumulation. Sesbania aculeata was more responsive to ratooning than Phaseolus trilobus in terms of regeneration and biomass production. Incorporation of Sesbania aculeata along with 50 kg N/ha produced higher grain yield in the succeeding rice.
Intercropping
Kharif crop
Ratooning
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Ratooning
Biofertilizer
Vegetative reproduction
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In a field study to evaluate the response of rainfed lowland rice to N fertilizer-green manure applications, it was shown that a 56-day-old Sesbania rostrata pre-rice green manure crop accumulated more than 6 t above-ground dry biomass ha −1 and about 160 kg N ha −1 . Consequently, green manuring alone improved the grain yield of the subsequent rainfed lowland rice crop by about 1.8 t ha −1 over that of the control. This increase was the same as that of the 60 kg N ha −1 treatment. Under rainfed lowland conditions, it appears that there is no need to combine fertilizer N with S. rostrata to obtain maximum benefits (...)
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