Response of rainfed lowland rice to green manuring with Sesbania rostrata
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In a field study to evaluate the response of rainfed lowland rice to N fertilizer-green manure applications, it was shown that a 56-day-old Sesbania rostrata pre-rice green manure crop accumulated more than 6 t above-ground dry biomass ha −1 and about 160 kg N ha −1 . Consequently, green manuring alone improved the grain yield of the subsequent rainfed lowland rice crop by about 1.8 t ha −1 over that of the control. This increase was the same as that of the 60 kg N ha −1 treatment. Under rainfed lowland conditions, it appears that there is no need to combine fertilizer N with S. rostrata to obtain maximum benefits (...)Cite
In Himachal Pradesh, rice (Oryza sativa L.) is grown manure (2 : 1) and turning green manure at 25 days after under various topo-sequences ranging from uplands to sowing + 50 % recommended fertilizer dose; T,, line sowing lowlands at varying elevations covering an area of 78 000 ha (80 kg seedha) + recommended fertilizer dose + 5 tonnes and the average rice productivity of the state is 1 960 kg/ha
Upland rice
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In a field study the biological efficiency of intercropping in direct seeded upland rice and its effect on residual soil fertility was determined at the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad for two consecutive years. The intercropping systems comprised rice alone, rice + maize, rice + sesbania, rice + mungbean, rice + ricebean, rice + cowpea and rice + pigeonpea. The rice was seeded in 75 cm spaced 4-row strips (15/75 cm) while the intercrops as forage were seeded on the vacant spaces between the rice strips. The results revealed that rice grain yield decreased to a significant level by forage intercrops compared to monocropped rice which varied from 10.94 to 25.87%, with the maximum (25.87%) by sesbania followed by pigeonpea (16.67) against the minimum (10.94%) by maize intercrop. In terms of total rice grain yield equivalent (TRGYE), the highest TRGYE (6.45 ton ha -1 ) was recorded for rice + forage maize intercropping system followed by rice + cowpea (5.08 ton ha -1 ) and rice + sesbania (4.92 ton ha -1 ) against the minimum (4.02 ton ha -1 ) for monocropped rice clearly indicating yield advantages of intercropping over monocropping of rice. Similarly the net field benefits obtained from different intercropping systems were considerably higher than the sole cropping of rice. The maximum net benefit of Rs.42325 ha -1 was recorded for rice + maize which is 37.32% more than sole rice followed by rice + cowpea (Rs.30885 ha -1 ) which is 14.03% higher than monocropping of rice (Rs.26526 ha -1 ). The results also revealed that residual soil nitrogen and organic matter was improved in all the intercropping systems except rice + maize intercropping system. However, the maximum increase in soil nitrogen (7.14%) was recorded for rice + sesbania intercropping system while the residual soil phosphorus and potassium were depleted in all the intercropping systems as compared to initial soil analysis.
Intercropping
Monocropping
Upland rice
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Attempt was made to adjust three rice crops in a cropping sequence in irrigated lowland, and also to compare productivity and efficiency of rice (Oryza sativa L.)–rice–rice cropping system with rice–rice and rice–fallow. Results of the 8 years study (2001–09) revealed that rice variety ‘Chandrama’ as winter crop, followed by the same variety as summer crop and ‘Vandana’ as autumn crop could be grown in sequence. The grain yield from the 3 rice cropping sequence was 15.3 t/ha. The productivity of the summer crop (6.8 t/ha) was the highest, followed by the winter crop (5.6 t/ha). The lowest productivity was obtained from autumn crop (2.9 t/ha). Rice–rice cropping system produced the lower grain yield of 12.4 t/ha. However, considering production efficiency (48.8 kg grain/ha/day), sustainable yield index (0.98), net return (23,187/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.43), it was better than rice– rice–rice cropping system. Results on soil chemical properties after eight cropping cycles under rice–rice–rice cropping system revealed that soil pH and available N content were similar to the initial value. However, a buildup of organic carbon (12%), and available phosphorus (39.5%) and potassium (6.4%) in soil was noted.
Cropping system
Upland rice
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An investigation on the effect of green manuring in rice - wheat cropping system was undertaken at the experimental farm in Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, West Bengal, in consecutive three seasons during May 2001 to March 2002. Four green manure crops viz Sesbania rostrata, Sesbania aculeata, Vigna sisensis and Crotalaria juncea were grown during summer (Kharif) followed by rice (variety Annada) under direct seeded rainfed condition in Kharif and wheat (variety UP 262) in irrigated condition during dry season. Results revealed that green manuring and its residual effect increased all the growth attributes like plant height at harvest, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, crop growth rate, yield components like number of panicles m-2, number of filled grains panicle-1, grain and straw yield of rice and succeeding wheat compared with control. However, both the Sesbania sp. was found the best among the different green-manuring crops. The highest rice grain yield (3 t ha-1) and wheat grain yield (3.4 t ha-1) were obtained when grown in sequence with Sesbania rostrata.
Kharif crop
Crotalaria juncea
Panicle
Cropping system
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A field experiment was conducted during, pre-rainy season, rainy season. winter season and summer season of 1989-91 to evaluate the productivity, ferility build-up of soil and the economics involved in different rice (Oryza sativa L.) - based cropping systems. The productivity of rice was maximum (4.98 and 5.69 tonnes/ha) when both rainy- and summer-season rice in sequence were green-manured in situ with prickly sesban or dhaincha [Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Pers.; syn S. aculeata (Willd.) Poir.], grasspea or khesari (Lathyrus sativus L.) respectively along with 100% of the recommended dose of N, P and K (60, 14.2 and 25 kg/ha and 80, 22 and 41.5 kg/ha respectively in rainy- and summer season rice). However, comparable yield (4.84 and 5.42 tonnes/ha) was obtained when both rainy and summer-season rice in sequence were green-manured in situ along with 75% of the recommended dose of fertilizers (N 45 P 10.6, K 18.7 and N 60 P 165 K 31 in rainy and summer season respectively). Green-manuring twice in a year before transplanting of both rainy- and summer-season rice improved the soil-nutrient status (260 kg N/ha, 16.1 kg P/ha and 21 kg K/ha), Green-manuring with sesban and khesari was found equivalent to 19.4 and 31.1 kg fertilizer N/ha during rainy- and summer-season rice respectively. Maximum net production value (2.11) was recorded in the sequence where both the rice crops were green-manured with legume along with 75% recommended dose of N, P and K Fertilizer-use efficiency was improved (40.05) when any legume crop was included in a croPPing sequence involving 2 rice crops, and the improvement was maximum (41.42) when legume crop was buried into soil before transplanting both rainy- and summer-season rice. Hence the recommended dose of N, P and K may safely be reduced by 25% if green-manure is provided to both the rice crops in sequence.
Wet season
Sesbania sesban
Transplanting
Nutrient Management
Dry season
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Several field experiments were conducted over six seasons on fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic, Aquic Ustorthent soil in the flood plain soil of Punjab, India, to evaluate the effect of intercropping of sesbania (Sesbania aculeata) and summer mungbean (Vigna radiata) straw as green manures in plant as well as ratoon crops of sugar cane (Saccharum spp). There were six rates of urea fertilizer N (0, 37.5, 75, 112.5, 150, and 187.5 kg N ha-1) in pure-stand sugar cane plots and four rates of N (37.5, 75, 112.5, and 150 kg N ha-1) in plots intercropped with mungbean and sesbania as green manure (GM). Total N addition from sesbania averaged 102 kg N ha-1 under plant crop and 90 kg N ha-1 under the ratoon crop, whereas mungbean residues contributed only 30 kg N ha-1 in both plant and ratoon crops. In addition, mungbean yielded 550 kg ha-1 of pulse grains under plant crop and 390 kg ha-1 in ratoon crop of sugar cane. The cane yield decreased significantly by intercropping with sesbania or mungbean in plant sugar cane, but increased significantly over no GM treatment at N rates up to 112.5 kg in both summer mungbean and sesbania in the ratoon crop. The N uptake was lower in GM treatments than in no GM treatment, but it increased significantly with N application up to 112.5 kg N ha-1, irrespective of GM incorporation in the plant crop. It was significantly more under GM treatments than no GM up to 112.5 kg N ha-1 in the ratoon crop. The results of this study showed that intercropping of sesbania as GM and mungbean for grain and GM in ratoon sugar cane be practised for getting higher cane yield. However, in planted sugar cane, the growing of mungbean as an intercrop can also be recommended for obtaining additional income from pulse grains. There was a saving of 75 kg N ha-1 from the incorporation of sesbania GM and 37.5 kg N ha-1 from the incorporation of mungbean straw in sugar cane.
Intercropping
Cane
Ratooning
Saccharum
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Sesbania sesban
Topsoil
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When rice yield was badly affected in light-textured upland and its sole crop cultivation was found uneconomical due to occurrence ofdry spell in 'first crop season, intercropping ofrice with pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp), blackgram (Phaseolus mungo L.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) gave total yield of 1 781, 1 600 and 1 605 kg/ha with net economic return ofRs 10 476 ha, Rs 5 560/ha and Rs 5 880/ha respectively under integrated weed-management practices. Rainwater or rainwater use efficiency (in terms of riceequivalent weight) ofthat year enhanced from 2.2 kg/ha/mm in sole rice to 4.35 kg ha/mm in rice + pigeonpea and 4.35 kg ha/mm in rice +blackgram intercropping under that treatment. During the second year (rainy season 2001) with well assured, unifonnly distributed rainfall and integrated weed management practices, sole rice gave only Rs 5 500/ ha net economic return while its intercropping with legumes enhanced net economic return from Rs 11 040/hato 14 440lha in different intercropping combinations. During the second year, under integrated weed management treatment, rainwater-use efficiency were 2.53,3.43, 4.40 and 3.93 kg ha/mm in sole rice, rice+pigeonpea, rice + blackgram and rice+groundnut, respectively.
Intercropping
Rainwater Harvesting
Arachis hypogaea
Upland rice
Cajanus
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Abstract Rotation of Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr., a fast‐growing N 2 ‐fixing tree, with maize ( Zea mays L.) has potential for increasing fertility of tropical soils, where fertilizer use by resource‐poor farmers is limited. At two sites in Kenya (Ochinga, with a Kandiudalfic Eutrudox soil, and Muange, with a Kandic Paleustalf), we compared maize yields and financial returns for (i) sesbania grown for three or four seasons followed by three maize crops (sesbania fallow), (ii) one maize crop followed by natural regrowth of vegetation for three seasons and then three maize crops (natural fallow), and (iii) maize monoculture for seven seasons. After the fallows, plots were split with and without added P. Maize responded to P at both sites. Cumulative grain yields for seven seasons of maize monoculture were 8.4 Mg ha −1 at Ochinga and 5.6 Mg ha −1 at Muange. They were comparable to cumulative maize yields for sesbania fallow (Ochinga, 10.6 Mg ha −1 Muange, 4.5 Mg ha −1 ) and natural fallow (Ochinga, 7.7 Mg ha −1 ; Muange, 4.2 Mg ha −1 ), even though maize was grown for only three or four seasons in the fallow treatments. Sesbania fallow was financially attractive at Ochinga (≥500 mm rain in each season) but not at Muange, where low rainfall (<300 mm in each postfallow season) limited maize yield. Phosphorus fertilization of maize at Ochinga increased ( P < 0.2) net benefit for sesbania fallow. Improved fallows have potential to supply nutrients to crops, but they are unlikely to eliminate the need for P fertilizers on P‐deficient soils.
Monoculture
Sesbania sesban
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