Planning for Import Substitution some Methodological and Empirical Results
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The analysis of the problem of import-substitution poses broadly three problems of methodology: The first one is: what is meant by import-substitution or how to measure quantitatively the degree or the level of import-substitution. The second one is: how to evaluate the effects of a chosen import-substitution program. The third related problem is one of planning for "optimum" import-substitution program, so that an "optimum" plan may be suggested for a future period or the "optimum' process of import-substitution for the past may be derived and compared with the actual process of import substitution.Keywords:
Substitution (logic)
Substitution method
Substitution effect
Substitution therapy
Classic DEA models (e.g., CCR or super-efficiency DEA) assume that inputs are complementary and there is no substitution of inputs. The lack of substitution is a result of using the same input multiplier for all inputs. The author indicates that there is a possibility of including the substitution of inputs by using individual multiplier for each input. This is a characteristic of so-called non-radial DEA, which was proposed by Dyson and Thanassoulis (1992). The author presents some simple measures of substitution which are based on individual multipliers of inputs: substitution range, substitution index, substitution intensity. The substitution index describes what change of initial structure of inputs is needed to reach the optimal technology. The substitution intensity describes the velocity of necessary decrease of one input induced by an increase or not as fast as expected a decrease of the second input. Another characteristic of substitution is a substitution line the estimation of which is also proposed by the author.
Substitution (logic)
Substitution method
Substitution effect
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Due to the variable subjects and methods of solving problems in Higher Mathematics,substitution will not only flexibly develop the ways of problem solving,but also an effect of simplification.By reversing the examples in solving the problems of application,substitution,ways of incremental-substitution,tangle-substitution,double-substitution,unequal-substitution,ratio-substitution and so on,are discussed.
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Substitution is one of the mathematics problem-solving strategies,including unity substitution,reciprocal substitution,trigonometric substitution,complementary angle and supplementary angle substitution,logarithmic substitution and derivative substitution,which are illustrated respectively in this paper.It is helpful to improve the ability and the correctness efficiency of question-solving with learning the question-solving strategies.
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Substitution method
Reciprocal
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Substitution therapy
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Tickets sales policy of two routes for two-stage fares airline are studied under the following three conditions in this paper: neither unidirectional substitution of cabin nor swapping applications is considered, only unidirectional substitution of cabin is considered, both unidirectional substitution of cabin and swapping applications are considered. We formulate the corresponding decision model and derive the optimal tickets amount and expected revenue. It shows that compared with the condition that neither unidirectional substitution of cabin nor swapping applications is considered, when only unidirectional substitution of cabin is considered, the expected optimal tickets amount and expected revenue increase; compared with the condition that only unidirectional substitution of cabin is considered, when both unidirectional substitution of cabin and swapping applications are considered, the expected optimal tickets amount and expected revenue increase.
Substitution (logic)
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Total revenue
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We study a two‐product inventory model that allows substitution. Both products can be used to supply demand over a selling season of N periods, with a one‐time replenishment opportunity at the beginning of the season. A substitution could be offered even when the demanded product is available. The substitution rule is flexible in the sense that the seller can choose whether or not to offer substitution and at what price or discount level, and the customer may or may not accept the offer, with the acceptance probability being a decreasing function of the substitution price. The decisions are the replenishment quantities at the beginning of the season, and the dynamic substitution‐pricing policy in each period of the season. Using a stochastic dynamic programming approach, we present a complete solution to the problem. Furthermore, we show that the objective function is concave and submodular in the inventory levels—structural properties that facilitate the solution procedure and help identify threshold policies for the optimal substitution/pricing decisions. Finally, with a state transformation, we also show that the objective function is [Formula: see text]‐concave, which allows us to derive similar structural properties of the optimal policy for multiple‐season problems.
Substitution (logic)
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Submodular set function
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When we solve a maths problem,we should use the method of substitution to make the problem easier.It is the equivalent generation changes.Also it has three forms;triangle substitution,the radical substitution,overall substitution,and the equivalent generation substitution.
Substitution (logic)
Substitution method
Substitution effect
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The analysis of the problem of import-substitution poses broadly three problems of methodology: The first one is: what is meant by import-substitution or how to measure quantitatively the degree or the level of import-substitution. The second one is: how to evaluate the effects of a chosen import-substitution program. The third related problem is one of planning for "optimum" import-substitution program, so that an "optimum" plan may be suggested for a future period or the "optimum' process of import-substitution for the past may be derived and compared with the actual process of import substitution.
Substitution (logic)
Substitution method
Substitution effect
Substitution therapy
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Substitution effect
Substitution method
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Substitution (logic)
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We performed first-principles calculations to investigate the effect of Cu or Fe partial substitution in MnCoGe on the stabilization of the hexagonal structure. In the case of Cu partial substitution at x = 0.125, a substitution for one site is more effective than that for both sites. In the case of Fe partial substitution at x = 0.125, there is no difference between two types of substitution for both sites and the Mn site. The result of Fe partial substitution at x = 0.25 indicates that Fe partial substitution for both sites is more effective than that for the Mn or the Co site.
Substitution (logic)
Substitution effect
Substitution method
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