M-mode echocardiographic reference values in Pantja goats
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Aim:The aim of this study was to establish M-mode echocardiographic reference values in Pantja goats and to study the effect of gender and body weight (BW) on these parameters. Materials and Methods:A total of 18, clinically healthy, adult Pantja goats of either sex, aged 2-4 years and weighing 10-44 kg were included in the study.Echocardiographic examination was performed in the standing unsedated animal.All measurements were made from the right parasternal long-axis left ventricular outflow tract view of the heart.The following parameters were recorded: Left ventricular internal diameter at diastole and systole, interventricular septal thickness at diastole and systole, left ventricular posterior wall (LVPW) thickness at diastole and systole, end diastolic and systolic volumes, stroke volume, fractional shortening, ejection fraction, percent systolic thickening of interventricular septum, percent systolic thickening of LVPW, cardiac output, left atrial (LA) diameter at diastole and systole, aortic (AO) root diameter at diastole and systole, LA/AO, LA posterior wall thickness at diastole and systole, left ventricular ejection time, DE amplitude, EF slope, AC interval and e-point to septal separation.Results: This study demonstrated specific reference ranges of M-mode echocardiographic parameters and indices in healthy Pantja goats.Normal echocardiographic values obtained in Pantja goats were quite different from other goat breeds.Gender had no influence on echocardiographic parameters, while high correlations were found between most echocardiographic parameters and BW. Conclusion:The echocardiographic values obtained in the study may serve as a reference for future studies in this breed, for cardiovascular disease diagnosis and for utilizing the goat as a model for cardiac disorders in humans.Keywords:
Interventricular septum
Systole
End-systolic volume
Parasternal line
Cardiac cycle
Integrated ultrasonic backscatter from normal myocardium has been shown to vary with the phase of cardiac contraction (decreasing from end-diastole to end-systole) in previous studies of open-chest dogs. If confirmed, this finding would have important implications for clinical application of ultrasonic tissue characterization. Our hypothesis was that a cardiac cycle-dependent variation in regional average gray level would be detected on analysis of digitized two-dimensional echocardiograms. We analyzed echocardiographic images from 16 subjects in whom normal, technically good studies were obtained with a commercial phased-array scanner and a 2.25 MHz transducer. Images from six subjects were digitized from stop-frame photographs and those from 10 subjects were obtained directly in digital format from the scanner. Average gray level was measured in a portion of the left ventricular posterior wall in parasternal long-axis images obtained at end-diastole and end-systole by both photographic and digital-image acquisition. In seven of the subjects from whom digital images were acquired, left ventricular posterior wall gray level and ventricular septal gray level were also evaluated on parasternal short-axis images. In images digitized by the photographic technique, mean posterior wall gray level decreased significantly from end-diastole (175 +/- 5.8 SEM) to end-systole (167 +/- 5.1, p less than .05). Similarly, in images digitized directly, mean posterior wall gray level in the long-axis view decreased from end-diastole (71 +/- 3.4) to end-systole (59 +/- 2.5, p less than .005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Parasternal line
Cardiac cycle
Systole
Gray level
Posterior wall
Short axis
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Contractility
Cardiac cycle
Systole
End-systolic volume
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Interventricular septum
Systole
End-systolic volume
Parasternal line
Equus asinus
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Identifying End-Diastole (ED) and End-Systole (ES) frames is highly important in the process of evaluating cardiac function and measuring global parameters accurately, such as Ejection Fraction (EF), Cardiac Output (CO) and Stroke Volume.The current study aimed to develop a new method based on measuring volume changes in Left Ventricle (LV) during cardiac cycle.For this purpose, the Level Set method was used both in detecting endocardium border and quantifying cardiac function of all frames.Demonstrating LV volumes displays ED and ES frames and the volumes used in calculating the required parameters.Since ES and ED frames exist in iso-volumic phases of the cardiac cycle with minimum and maximum values of LV volume signals, such peaks can be utilized in finding related frames.
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Kowsar
Sequence (biology)
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Summary Background Total heart volume ( THV ) within the pericardium is not constant throughout the cardiac cycle and THV would intuitively be lowest at end systole. We have, however, observed a phase shift between ventricular outflow and atrial inflow which causes the minimum THV to occur before end systole. The aims were to explain the mechanism of the late‐systolic net inflow to the heart and determine whether this net inflow is affected by increased cardiac output or systolic heart failure. Methods and Results Healthy controls ( n = 21) and patients with EF <35% ( n = 14) underwent magnetic resonance imaging with flow measurements in vessels to and from the heart, and this was repeated in nine controls during 140 μgram kg −1 min −1 adenosine infusion. Minimum THV occurred 78 ± 6 ms before end of systolic ejection (8 ± 1% of the cardiac cycle) in controls. The late‐systolic net inflow was 12·3 ± 1·1 ml or 6·0 ± 0·5% of total stroke volume ( TSV ). Cardiac output increased 66 ± 8% during adenosine but late‐systolic net inflow to the heart did not change ( P = 0·73). In patients with heart failure, late‐systolic net inflow of the heart′s left side was lower (3·4 ± 0·5%) compared to healthy subjects (5·3 ± 0·6%, P = 0·03). Conclusions Heart size increases before end systole due to a late‐systolic net inflow which is unaffected by increased cardiac output. This may be explained by inertia of blood that flows into the atria generated by ventricular systole. The lower late‐systolic net inflow in patients with systolic heart failure may be a measure of decreased ventricular filling due to decreased systolic function, thus linking systolic to diastolic dysfunction.
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Cardiac cycle
End-systolic volume
Inflow
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Systole
Cardiac cycle
End-systolic volume
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Object of Investigation.—Acceleration of the heart in man is chiefly due to a varying balance of control exerted through the vagi and the accelerator nerves. The only hopeful method of determining which mechanism is at least predominantly concerned is suggested by the observations of Baxt, Pavlow, Frank and Reid Hunt and others that the accelerator nerves exert a predominant effect on the length of systole, whereas the vagi nerves affect chiefly diastole. This, on superficial examination, of course appears contrary to any mechanical conception of the cardiac regulation, such, for example, as the “law of Uniformity of Behavior” advanced by Henderson and his coworkers. It is quite obvious that, if, as appears from volume curves recorded by many different investigators, the rate of ejection diminishes late in systole, then, on the basis of the uniformity law enunciated by Henderson, the length of systole will be only slightly altered during the longer cycles but will be progressively more and more abbreviated in a mechanical way as the heart cycles become shorter and shorter. Inasmuch as vagus section and vagus stimulation ordinarily do not alter the heart rate beyond the range where slight variations might be expected, whereas accelerator stimulation quickens the beat so that pronounced shortening of systole might be anticipated, the mere demonstration that accelerator stimulation shortens the systole is proof neither of any specific influence of these nerves over ventricular contraction, nor does it prove that the heart deviates in its beat from a mechanical scheme. Only if it can be shown that the periods of systole during accelerator nerve stimulation vary materially from those which may be accounted for on the basis of volume curves, can any inference be drawn as to a selective action of the accelerator nerves on the ventricle.
Systole
Cardiac cycle
Beat (acoustics)
End-systolic volume
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Measurement of the area of the frontal silhouette of the human heart as registered on an X-ray plate permits calculation of the total heart volume with an average error of less than ±5% (studies on “fresh” cadavers, Keys and Friedell). By means of the multiple slit roentgenkymograph (cf. Johnson, Roesler), it is possible to trace the outlines of the living human heart in both (ventricular) systole and diastole of a single cardiac cycle (Keys and Friedell). From measurement of these areas the volume of the heart in systole and in diastole can be calculated. The error in volume estimation from the frontal area is mainly a reflection of abnormality in the relation between frontal and anterior-posterior shape of the heart. Since these abnormalities must be reflected both in systole and in diastole, the error in the estimation of the difference of volumes should be relatively small. The difference between the volume of the heart in systole and in diastole should be directly related to the stroke output if the valves allow no back flow. The precise numerical relation, however, could not be predicted a priori because the auricular and ventricular cardiac cycles are not absolutely simultaneous in phase. In addition, the difference between the areas of the systolic and diastolic kymogram outlines must be underestimated because the kymogram only registers excursions in one of the 2 planes of the surface of projection. We have developed a procedure in which roentgenkymograms are made immediately before and after acetylene rebreathing experiments. By this means we obtain estimates of diastolic and systolic volumes of the heart from the kymograms and of the cardiac stroke output by the method of Grollman.
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Cardiac cycle
End-systolic volume
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Interventricular septum
Systole
Pressure overload
Volume overload
End-systolic volume
Cardiac catheterization
Ventricular pressure
Cardiac cycle
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Aim:The aim of this study was to establish M-mode echocardiographic reference values in Pantja goats and to study the effect of gender and body weight (BW) on these parameters. Materials and Methods:A total of 18, clinically healthy, adult Pantja goats of either sex, aged 2-4 years and weighing 10-44 kg were included in the study.Echocardiographic examination was performed in the standing unsedated animal.All measurements were made from the right parasternal long-axis left ventricular outflow tract view of the heart.The following parameters were recorded: Left ventricular internal diameter at diastole and systole, interventricular septal thickness at diastole and systole, left ventricular posterior wall (LVPW) thickness at diastole and systole, end diastolic and systolic volumes, stroke volume, fractional shortening, ejection fraction, percent systolic thickening of interventricular septum, percent systolic thickening of LVPW, cardiac output, left atrial (LA) diameter at diastole and systole, aortic (AO) root diameter at diastole and systole, LA/AO, LA posterior wall thickness at diastole and systole, left ventricular ejection time, DE amplitude, EF slope, AC interval and e-point to septal separation.Results: This study demonstrated specific reference ranges of M-mode echocardiographic parameters and indices in healthy Pantja goats.Normal echocardiographic values obtained in Pantja goats were quite different from other goat breeds.Gender had no influence on echocardiographic parameters, while high correlations were found between most echocardiographic parameters and BW. Conclusion:The echocardiographic values obtained in the study may serve as a reference for future studies in this breed, for cardiovascular disease diagnosis and for utilizing the goat as a model for cardiac disorders in humans.
Interventricular septum
Systole
End-systolic volume
Parasternal line
Cardiac cycle
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Citations (2)