Small-signal gain—second derivation
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This textbook focuses on the fully classical theory of FELs with application to FEL oscillators and develops the fundamentals of FEL theory in sufficient depth to provide both a solid understanding of FEL physics and a solid background for research in the field. All numerical approximations were developed by the author and numerous examples are included throughout to illustrate the application of analytical results. The text is written at a level suitable for advanced undergraduate or graduate students.Keywords:
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SIGNAL (programming language)
Background : Estimating the levels of salivary pH and urea aids in determining their role in rate of calculus formation. This study is aimed at evaluating the pH and urea level of saliva, determine its role as a risk factor for periodontal disease and thus evaluate its suitability as a diagnostic marker of periodontal disease. Materials & methods: Based on objective evaluation of the oral hygiene condition, subjects were divided into three groups: Group A- mild / no calculus levels (control group, having calculus index score of 0.0 to 0.6) Group B- moderate calculus levels (having calculus index score of 0.7 to 1.8) Group C- heavy calculus levels (having calculus index score of 1.9 to 3.0) Pre-operatively pH and urea levels were recorded of un-stimulated whole saliva. Calculus and plaque scores were recorded amongst the groups, and thorough oral prophylaxis was performed in all the groups. Results : Salivary pH and urea levels have an influence on calculus formation.
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Calculus consists of mineralized bacterial plaque that forms on the surfaces of natural teeth. It is supragingival or subgingival depending upon its relation with gingival margin. The two most common locations for supragingival calculus are the buccal surfaces of maxillary molars and lingual surfaces of mandibular anterior teeth. It is very important to rule out the predisposing factor for calculus formation. In the present case of an 11-year- old female child, 1.2 × 1.5 cm large indurated mass suggestive of calculus in the left side of floor of mouth was observed. After surgical removal, along with indurated mass, an embedded root fragment was seen. Biochemical analysis of the specimen detected the calcium and phosphate ions approximately equals to the level in calculus. Thus, we diagnosed it as a calculus. Oral hygiene instructions and regular follow-up was advised. How to cite this article: Bahadure RN, Thosar N, Jain ES. Unusual Case of Calculus in Floor of Mouth: A Case Report. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2012;5(3):223-225.
Gingival margin
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Objective:To explore the treatment method for recurrent calculus after EWSL. Method:34 recurrent calculus patients undergoing EWSL received in our hospital were given calculus resolution and removal, and then EWSL and open surgery. Result:6 cases were successful after calculus resolution and removal, 4 successfully removed calculus after EWSL. 24 were successfully treated by operation due to Incomplete obstruction of urinary tract. Conclusion: 34 patients with recurrent calculus after EWSL became smooth in urinary tract, and without recurrence of hydronephrosis, calculus or obstruction, after resolving and removing calculus, repeated EWSL and comprehensive treatment after surgery.
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Objective: This case report is to create awareness of the presence of giant calculus in the mouth, the possible causes and its prevention
Report: This describes the oral condition of a partially edentulous woman with a giant calculus in the mouth. It highlights the effect of such an enormous calculus in the oral cavity.
Conclusion: Such gross calculus formation could have resulted from oral hygiene neglect, facilitated by the anatomical position of teeth 18 and 46 as well as lack of use of these teeth for mastication. The importance of plaque control in maintenance of oral health and in the prevention of calculus formation cannot be over emphasized. Even though chemotherapeutic agents are available, effective mechanical plaque removal still remains the best methods to achieve this purpose. KEY WORDS: Calculus, Juvenile, Periodontitis, Piaque, Prevention Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice Vol.6(1) 2003: 74-77
Mastication
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Objectives To study the application value of calculus interception net in the ureteroscopic pneumatic lithotripsy for the treatment of upper and middle ureteral calculus. Methods 48 (32 males and 16 females) patients with upper and middle ureteral calculus underwent transureteroscopic pneumatic lithotripsy with calculus interception net, among which, 32 were male and 16 were female. The diameter of ureteral calculus were 0.7～2.0 cm. There were 18 upper ureteral calculus and 30 middle ureteral calculus; 22 left-side ureteral calculus and 26 right side ureteral calculus. There were 6 both-sides crinosity calculus accompanied with 4 cases of vesical calculus. Results Among 48 cases, there were 17 cases of successful macadam of upper ureteral calculus (94.4%) and 1 case of upward calculus; 29 cases of middle ureteral calculus (96.6%) and 1 case of ineffective calculus interception. Conclusions Calculus In- terception Net could effectively prevent calculus upward during ureteroscopic pneumatic lithotripsy process, with the advantages of conveniency, safety and high-efficiency, which is worth to be promoted in clinical application.
Calculus of variations
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Dental calculus, both supra‐ and subgingival occurs in the majority of adults worldwide. Dental calculus is calcined dental plaque, composed primarily of calcium phosphate mineral salts deposited between and within remnants of formerly viable microorganisms. A viable dental plaque covers mineralized calculus deposits. Levels of calculus and location of formation are population specific and are affected by oral hygiene habits, access to professional care, diet, age, ethnic origin, time since last dental cleaning, systemic disease and the use of prescription medications. In populations that practice regular oral hygiene and with access to regular professional care, supragingival dental calculus formation is restricted to tooth surfaces adjacent to the salivary ducts. Levels of supragingival calculus in these populations is minor and the calculus has little if any impact on oral‐health. Subgingival calculus formation in these populations occurs coincident with periodontal disease (although the calculus itself appears to have little impact on attachment loss), the latter being correlated with dental plaque. In populations that do not practice regular hygiene and that do not have access to professional care, supragingival calculus occurs throughout the dentition and the extent of calculus formation can be extreme. In these populations, supragingival calculus is associated with the promotion of gingival recession. Subgingival calculus, in “low hygiene” populations, is extensive and is directly correlated with enhanced periodontal attachment loss. Despite extensive research, a complete understanding of the etiologic significance of subgingival calculus to periodontal disease remains elusive, due to inability to clearly differentiate effects of calculus versus “plaque on calculus”. As a result, we are not entirely sure whether subgingival calculus is the cause or result of periodontal inflammation. Research suggests that subgingival calculus, at a minimum, may expand the radius of plaque induced periodontal injury. Removal of subgingival plaque and calculus remains the cornerstone of periodontal therapy. Calculus formation is the result of petrification of dental plaque biofilm, with mineral ions provided by bathing saliva or crevicular fluids. Supragingival calculus formation can be controlled by chemical mineralization inhibitors, applied in toothpastes or mouthrinses. These agents act to delay plaque calcification, keeping deposits in an amorphous non‐hardened state to facilitate removal with regular hygiene. Clinical efficacy for these agents is typically assessed as the reduction in tartar area coverage on the teeth between dental cleaning. Research shows that topically applied mineralization inhibitors can also influence adhesion and hardness of calculus deposits on the tooth surface, facilitating removal. Future research in calculus may include the development of improved supragingival tartar control formulations, the development of treatments for the prevention of subgingival calculus formation, the development of improved methods for root detoxification and debridement and the development and application of sensitive diagnostic methods to assess subgingival debridement efficacy.
Dental plaque
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The occurrence of dental calculus is widespread with various investigators having reported evidence of calculus accumulations in a vast segment of the population. The purpose of this paper is to provide information on both the prevalence and incidence of calculus formation among adults. To determine prevalence, a total of 1,426 adult males and females were graded in Indiana for the presence of calculus using the Volpe-Manhold (VM) Index on the lingual surfaces of the six mandibular teeth. A second panel of 980 subjects was recruited in Texas to determine the incidence of calculus over a six-month period. These latter participants were given a thorough dental prophylaxis, a sufficient supply of a sodium fluoride dentifrice and toothbrushes, and were instructed to use the dentrifrice as they normally do, at least once a day. Six months after the prophylaxis, 804 participants were available and were examined for calculus accumulation using the VM Index. Results from both clinical trials indicate that males have more calculus than females and calculus formation was directly related to age for both sexes. Data are presented regarding the frequency distribution of VM Index scores by sex and age.
Dentifrice
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This paper describes levels and progression of supra- and subgingival calculus undisturbed by active professional intervention or home care between 1970 and 1985 in Sri Lanka, or when removed at regular intervals between 1969 and 1988 in Norway. In the Sri Lankan tea laborers, both supra- and subgingival calculus formation started before age 14 years. At 40 years of age, all participants and almost all teeth and tooth surfaces had calculus. Tea laborers who both smoked tobacco and chewed betel had significantly higher calculus scores than those who only had one of these habits, and those who neither chewed nor smoked had the lowest calculus scores. Teeth with calculus showed a significantly higher rate of loss of attachment than teeth that remained calculus free. For the Norwegians who had enjoyed regular dental care throughout their lives, supragingival calculus did not increase in frequency from adolescence to the forties. Approximately 70% of the interproximal surfaces were calculus free after 40-50 years of age. Subgingival calculus scores, although low, showed some increase with longer times of exposure. On average, each person had 0.4 interproximal surfaces with subgingival calculus as they approached 50 years of age. In this Norwegian population, subgingival calculus had no impact on loss of attachment.
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The project was designed to study the accumulation of calculus on the tooth surface in school children. One hundred and twenty two 10-15 years of age school children in both sexes were participated in the study. They were evaluated by a dentist for the presence and quantity of calculus deposits on the labial and lingual surfaces of the lower six anterior teeth using Volpe-Manhold calculus scoring method. The subjects were divided into three groups according to their calculus scores as "slight" (10-25 mm.) "moderate" (26-40 mm.) and "heavy" (greater than 40 mm.). Then all subjects received a complete oral prophylaxis, including the removal of all subgingival and supragingival deposits. At six months and twelve months after oral prophylaxis all subjects were evaluated for the calculus deposition by the same dentist. The results revealed that redeposit of calculus at six and twelve months of the three groups were statistically different (p less than 0.05). The "slight" calculus group had the calculus deposit, after oral prophylaxis, less than the "moderate" and the "heavy" group. The "heavy" group had the calculus deposit much more than the "moderate" group.
Anterior teeth
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