The Effect of Day/Night Temperature on Pharbitis nil Chois, Flowering
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The interaction between day/night temperature (DT/NT) and irradiance during the photoperiod prior to the inductive night on Pharbitis nil (L.) cv. Violet flower induction was studied. Plants exposed to 12 or 18 °C NT did not flower regardless of DT. When NT was 24 or 30 °C, percent flowering plants increased progressively as DT increased from 12 to 30 °C. Percent flowering plants and total flower bud number per plant was greatest when seedlings were induced with a 24 or 30 °C DT/30 °C NT regime. DT/NT did not affect the node number to first flower. Irradiance did not affect flowering. Temperature effects on P. nil flowering could be described as a function of average daily temperature, where flowering increased as temperature rose from 22 to 30 °C.Keywords:
Pharbitis nil
Flower induction
Day length
Long day
Bud
Since GARNER and ALLARD in 1920 found the three categories of plants, i, e. short-day plants, long-day plants and ever-flowering plants according to the relation between the flowering and the day-length, many plants have been studied to be classified among these three types. It may, however, be considered that there are two different stages in the course of flower formation, namely the differentiation of flower bud and the subsequent development of differentiated bud to flowering, and that these stages would receive the effects of day-length independently. To make clear this relationship some experiments have been carried out by the author during these six years from 1931 to 1936, using sixteen kinds of plants.
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Long day
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Photoperiodic responses in the growth and flowering of Clematis cultivars were studied in relation to temperature variation throughout the four seasons. The results were as follows:1. In the summer, Clematis plants which had been grown under long-day conditions developed flowers on terminal buds only. Lateral buds did not initiate flower buds under short- and long- day conditions at high temperature. In autumn, terminal buds ceased to grow under short-day conditions. This resulted in alternation of the flower-bud initiation position from terminal to lateral buds.2. On the basis of flower-bud initiation under different day-length and temperature conditions, Clematis cultivars may be classified into three groups as follows: 1) Group A: Flower buds are initiated under short-day conditions in autumn without winter chilling.2) Group B: Flower buds are initiated at the apex of new shoots, after being subjected to chilling, irrespective of day length.3) Group C: An intermediate group between A and B.3. When subjected to winter chilling for a short period, plants which had initiated flower buds in the previous autumn flowered earlier under long-day conditions. However, no influence of photoperiod was recognized when the chilling period became longer. When the plants were cultivated without winter chilling, growth started immediately after the photoperiod was changed from short-day to long-day. leading to almost normal flowering.These results revealed that identical cultivars of Clematis show different photoperiodic responses in the initiation and development of flower buds, depending on temperature conditions.
Clematis
Day length
Bud
Long day
Apex (geometry)
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Pharbitis nil
Bud
Flower induction
Jasmonic acid
Solanum tuberosum
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Pharbitis nil
Bud
Cotyledon
Flower induction
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Pharbitis nil
Day length
Long day
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Seedlings of the Japanese morning glory (Pharbitis nil, formerly Ipomoea nil) cv. Violet are induced to flower by a single short day treatment, and endogenous levels of 9,10-ketol-octadecadienoic acid (KODA) in cotyledons were found to correlate with this mode of short-day induction. When 100 µM KODA solution was sprayed on 7-day-old seedlings before and after a marginal short-day induction, the seedlings bore approximately 4 flower buds, a one-bud increase compared with control seedlings. In treated seedlings, the second node most commonly bore the first flower bud, one node lower than in the control seedlings. We then used RT-PCR to determine expression levels of 10 genes related to photoperiodic induction of flowering. In the cotyledons, no differences were observed in expression of any genes, including P. nil FLOWERING TIME LOCUS T (PnFT1 and PnFT2), between the KODA-treated and the control seedlings. In the apical buds, P. nil APETALA1 (PnAP1) was expressed earlier in the KODA-treated seedlings than in the control seedlings. A decrease in the expression of P. nil TERMINAL FLOWER1b (PnTFL1b) was also observed in the KODA-treated seedlings. These results suggest that KODA acts as a weak enhancer of flower bud formation.
Pharbitis nil
Flower induction
Bud
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Pharbitis nil
Bud
Flower induction
Cotyledon
Plant stem
Apex (geometry)
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The interaction between day/night temperature (DT/NT) and irradiance during the photoperiod prior to the inductive night on Pharbitis nil (L.) cv. Violet flower induction was studied. Plants exposed to 12 or 18 °C NT did not flower regardless of DT. When NT was 24 or 30 °C, percent flowering plants increased progressively as DT increased from 12 to 30 °C. Percent flowering plants and total flower bud number per plant was greatest when seedlings were induced with a 24 or 30 °C DT/30 °C NT regime. DT/NT did not affect the node number to first flower. Irradiance did not affect flowering. Temperature effects on P. nil flowering could be described as a function of average daily temperature, where flowering increased as temperature rose from 22 to 30 °C.
Pharbitis nil
Flower induction
Day length
Long day
Bud
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1. Influences of photoperiod, especially light break, given before or after flower bud differentiation, on the initiation and development of flower bud in strawberry were studied using variety Red Star.2. Flower bud differentiation was markedly delayed by long day treatments (15_??_161/2 hours and 24 hours) or a fairly long light break (8+3 hours) given before the differentiation (September 1). Effect of light break could hardly be seen when it was short (7+1/2 hours).3. Light break of 8+3 hours was nearly as effective as the 15_??_161/2 hour long day treatment in terms of the delaying effect on flower bud initiation.4. Increase in foliar length and the number of runners was observed in plants given long day or three-hour light break.
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Long day
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Photoperiodism is a response to the seasonal variation of day length and changes in day length above or below the critical level affects the blooming of flower (Irwin, 1982) [4]. Flowering is the end result of physiological processes, biochemical sequences, and gene action, with the whole system responding by the influence of photoperiod. Many flowering plants have a photoreceptor protein, such as phytochrome or cryptochrome, to sense seasonal changes in day length, which act as signals to flower. Photoperiodic response to flower induction, initiation and development of many plant species are synchronized temporarily during the year with night length. The emergence of flower being extends by using artificial light, black cloth, black polythene sheets. Photoperiod manipulation through the use of black cloth or night interruption lighting may be for controlling flowering. reported by Biondo and Noland (2006) [1].Short day induction, it took 4 days to reach the growing point hypertrophy stage, 8 days to finish involucres primordial differentiation, 12 days to finish floret primordial differentiation, crown formation in the chrysanthemum cultivars ‘Jingyun’ (Jiang et al., 2010) [5]. Primula malacoides Franch. ‘Primula Lilac’ was grown at 160C or 200C in combination with short day (SD, 8 hours) or long day (LD, 16 hours). Time to flower (first horizontal petals) at 160C increased from 56 to 64 days as so increased from 1 week to continuous conditions in SD, while LD decreased time to flower from 64 to56 days. Time to flower at 200C varied from 73 to 87 days with additional SD exposure resulting in flower and LD in faster flowering (Karlsson and Werner, 2002) [6]. The flowering was hastened up to 16, 15, 10, 11, 14, and 29 days for Zinnia, Sunflower, French Marigold, African Marigold, Cockscomb, Cosmos under SD environment respectively reported by (Baloch et al., 2010) [2]. Delayed or no flowering of obligate long day plant/facultative long day plant can be alleviated by delivery of long day conditions when ambient short day conditions are prevalent (Mattson and Ervin (2005) [7]. Photoperiod increased from 9 h to13 h, the total flower numbers decreased from 45 flowers to 13 flowers Kalanchoe uniflora (a short day plant). All species of Kalanchoe flowered when grown under photoperiods under ranging from 9-12 h and percentage of flowering plants decreased for all species as the photoperiod increased from 12 h to 14 h. No flowering occurred on plants grown under a 15 h photoperiod (Curry and Ervin, 2010) [3].Flowers can also be grown under non-inductive environment during juvenile phase to improve their quality for marketing viewpoint. Off-season flower will produce by use of photoperiod and light intensity that provide a year-round production of flowers, which will eventually increase the income of ornamental growers.
Petal
Long day
Flower induction
Day length
Ornamental plant
Phytochrome
Bud
Dusk
Primulaceae
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