Characterization of High Nitrogen Fixing Central American Rhizobia Strains
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Bradyrhizobium
Bradyrhizobium japonicum
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RHIZOBIUM FROM WILD LEGUMES:
DIVERSITY, COMPTABILITY AND NITROGEN FIXATION OF WILD LEGMES RHIZOBIA / اعداد رباب محمد ادريس موسى ؛ اشراف أ . د . تاج السر حسن محمد أحمد .- جامعة شندي : شندي . 2015م . 66 ورقة ( رسالة ماجستير )
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Symbiotic experiments in glasshouse, controlled environment cabinet, and field were conducted with four lines of sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) and 15 strains of Rhizobium spp. This plant is highly Rhizobium-specific and appropriate strains are most unlikely to occur naturally in Australia. Under several sets of experimental conditions, H. coronarium nodulated abundantly and effectively with homologous rhizobia introduced from Spain and Italy. The optimum temperature for nitrogen fixation was relatively low (approx. 21°C) but significant interactions between line of host, strain of rhizobia, and growth temperature were frequent. The rhizobia were persistent in soil.
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Rhizobiophages are considered one of the most important biological factors negatively affecting the numbers and activity of rhizobia. They directly lead to lysis of rhizobial cells resulted in reducing their population in soil. In addition, they indirectly affect the ability of rhizobia to fix nitrogen due to the formation of phageresistant strains which have less or no nitrogen fixation capacity. Rhizobiophages were isolated from different sources such as soils, nodules, roots, stems and cultures ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 3 Number 5 (2014) pp. 155-171 http://www.ijcmas.com
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Sinorhizobium
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Bradyrhizobium japonicum
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Free-living soybean rhizobia and Bradyrhizobium spp. (lupine) have the ability to catabolize ethanol. Of the 30 strains of rhizobia examined, only the fast- and slow-growing soybean rhizobia and the slow-growing Bradyrhizobium sp. (lupine) were capable of using ethanol as a sole source of carbon and energy for growth. Two strains from each of the other Rhizobium species examined ( R. meliloti, R. loti , and R. leguminosarum biovars phaseoli, trifolii , and viceae ) failed to grow on ethanol. One Rhizobium fredii (fast-growing) strain, USDA 191, and one (slow-growing) Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain, USDA 110, grew in ethanol up to concentrations of 3.0 and 1.0%, respectively. While three of the R. fredii strains examined (USDA 192, USDA 194, and USDA 205) utilized 0.2% acetate, only USDA 192 utilized 0.1% n -propanol. None of the three strains utilized 0.1% methanol, formate, or n -butanol as the sole carbon source.
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When nitrogen is limited, many legume plants form beneficial associations with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. Efficient reduction of atmospheric nitrogen by rhizobial nitrogenase is restricted to plant nodules, inside which rhizobia establish persistent colonies of intracellular bacteroids. Of all known nodulating rhizobia, Sinorhizobium fredii strain NGR234 fixes nitrogen with >130 legumes. Genetic basis for such symbiotic promiscuity was linked to a 536 kb plasmid called pNGR234a. In this study, we aimed at downsizing pNGR234a to a core of essential loci sufficient to sustain proficient interactions with legumes. Hence, synthetic plasmids carrying loci needed for the flavonoid-dependent synthesis of basic nodulation factor structures (pMiniSym2) and functions required for nitrogen fixation (pMiniSym4) were constructed. When mobilized into a derivative of NGR234 cured of pNGR234a or into non-symbiotic soil bacteria, pMiniSym2 conferred nodulation and infection abilities to recipient strains. However, pMiniSym4 failed to confer a robust SNF, suggesting additional work is needed to secure SNF.
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