Sex Differences in Midbrain Dopamine D2-Type Receptor Availability and Association with Nicotine Dependence
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Putamen
Caudate nucleus
Objective To investigate the clinical application value in the diagnosis and scaling of Parkinson's disease (PD) with ~ 99 Tc~m -TRODAT-1 SPECT dopamine transporter (DAT) imaging. Methods Fifty-eight PD patients (Hoehn Yahr scale Ⅰ-Ⅳ, UPDRS score 9-108) and 13 volunteers were recruited. The radiation ratios of striatum and its subregions, including the putamen and caudate nucleus, over the cerebellum were calculated by semi-quantity region of interest(ROI) technique. The function differentiation of striatum and putamen or caudate nucleus, between the healthy volunteers and different scaled PD patients were compared, the DAT value between contralateral and ipsilateral to symptoms or more affected limbs was compared as well. The relationship between the radiation ratios of striatum/cerebellum and UPDRS score was analyzed. Results The DAT level of PD patients scaled Ⅰ-Ⅳ was more lower than that of the healthy volunteers. There exited negative correlation between the radiation ratio and the UPDRS score; the DAT levels of striatum contralateral to the affected limb were lower than those of ipsilateral of PD patients scaled Ⅰ-2.5. For patients scaled Ⅲ-Ⅳ, neither difference was seen between the two sides, nor difference between the two scales. For patients scaled Ⅰ-2.5, the DAT function of putamen and caudate nucleus were both lower than that of healthy volunteers, there also exited difference between putamen and caudate nucleus, more loss of DAT function was seen in the putamen nucleus. For patients scaled Ⅲ-Ⅳ, both putamen and caudate nucleus function decreased obviously, while no difference between the two nucleus. Conclusion ~ 99 Tc~m -TRODAT-1 SPECT brain imaging is helpful for the early diagnosis and scaling of PD. The radiation ratio of striatum/cerebellum can be used as a semi-quantitative standard for the diagnosis and severity evaluation of PD, it is also a valuable complement to the monitoring of PD in addition to Hoehn Yahr scale and UPDRS score.
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Objective To investigate the clinical application value in the diagnosis and scaling of Parkinson's disease (PD) with 99Tc(superscript m)-TRODAT-1 SPFCT dopamine transporter (DAT) imaging. Methods Fifty-eight PD patients (Hoehn & Yahr scale Ⅰ-Ⅳ, UPDRS score 9-108) and 13 volunteers were recruited. The radiation ratios of striatum and its subregions, including the putamen and caudate nucleus, over the cerebellum were calculated by semi-quantity region of interest(ROI) technique. The function differentiation of striatum and putamen or caudate nucleus, between the healthy volunteers and different scaled PD patients were compared, the DAT value between contralareral arid ipsilateral to symptoms or more affected limbs was compared as well. The relationship between the radiation ratios of striatum/cerebellum and UPDRS score was analyzed. Results The DAT level of PD patients scaled Ⅰ-Ⅳ was more lower than that of the healthy volunteers. There exited negative correlation between the radiation ratio and the UPDRS score; the DAT levels of striatum contralateral to the affected limb were lower than those of ipsilateral of PD patients scaled Ⅰ-2.5. For patients scaled Ⅲ-Ⅳ, neither difference was seen between the two sides, nor difference between the two scales. For patients scaled Ⅰ-2.5, the DAT function of putamen and caudate nucleus were both lower than that of healthy volunteer, there also exited difference between putamen and caudate nucleus, more loss of DAT function seen in the putamen nucleus. For patients scaled Ⅲ-Ⅳ, both putamen and caudate nucleus function decreased obviously, while no difference between the two nucleus. Conclusion 99Tc(superscript m)-TRODAT-l SPECT brain imaging is helpful lot the early diagnosis and scaling of PD. The radiation ratio of striatum cerebellum can be used as a semi quantitative standard for the diagnosis and severity evaluation of PD, it is also a valuable complement to the monitoring of PD in addition to Hoehn & Yahr scale and UPDRS score.
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Background:The aim of this study was to determine age, gender, and hemispheric differences in the volume of the human neostriatum (striatum) nucleus in healthy humans. Material/Methods:This study was performed on 120 normal human subjects (60 males, 60 females, right-handed) 15-65 years old, divided into two groups: young (<40 yrs) and old (=≥40 yrs).Sectional brain images were obtained via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), analyzed and processed using the Image-J software, and the striatum volume was calculated using the Cavalieri's principle, retrospectively. Results:The analyses revealed bilateral age-related shrinkage of the putamen in both genders and the putamen and caudate nucleus were significantly smaller in older than in younger subjects (P-value <0.001).The age-related shrinkage of the caudate and putamen nucleus in men and women was about 5%, 5% and 4%, 4%, respectively, and there were statistically significant volume differences between males and females (P-value <0.05).In both genders, a significant rightward asymmetry was observed in the caudate and putamen nucleus (3.89%, 4.21% in men and 4.51%, 3.32% in women). Conclusions:Bilateral age-related shrinkage and rightward asymmetry of the striate nucleus was found in healthy adults and there were significant volume differences between men and women.Obtained results provide useful baseline data on age and gender-related changes of the volume of the striatum.
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The purpose of this study was to establish the diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) findings of the caudate nucleus and putamen in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and to obtain new information on the etiopathogenesis of OCD, which is still unclear.
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Abstract The neostriatum of 7 autopsied patients with Huntington's disease (HD) was examined immunohistochemically using purified antibody against calcineurin, which may be present only in the medium‐size spinous neurons of the mammalian striatum. This study revealed a marked loss of calcineurin‐positive cells in the caudate nucleus and the putamen in all HD patients, compared with control subjects, and there was some variation among the HD patients. Four HD patients showed significantly lower density of calcineurin‐positive cells in the caudate nucleus than in the putamen. The remaining calcineurin‐positive cells in the caudate nucleus and the putamen had a mosaic‐like pattern, demonstrating a subregional difference in distribution. This finding suggests that there are subregional as well as compartmental differences in the vulnerability of the calcineurin‐positive cells in the striatum of patients with HD.
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To examine the age, sex, and hemispheric differences in volume of the striatum by MRI in healthy adults.The volumes of the bilateral caudate nucleus and putamen were measured on MR images in 100 healthy right-handed adults (18-70 y).The volume of bilateral caudate nucleus and putamen in healthy adults was (8.42 +/-0.88) cm(3) and (8.90 +/-0.89) cm(3), which were decreased with aging (for caudate nucleus r=-0.727, P<0.001; for putamen r=-0.709, P<0.001). The average annual shrinkage rate was 0.52 % in the caudate nucleus and 0.50 % in the putamen. There were no gender differences in the volume of the striatum, however, the age-related shrinkage of the striatum was more evident in men than that in women. The volume of the left caudate nucleus (t=4.43, P<0.001) and the putamen (t=4.88, P<0.001) was greater than that of its right counterpart.Bilateral age-related shrinkage of the striatum is found in healthy adults, which is more evident in men than that in women. In both sexes, significant leftward asymmetry in volume of the caudate nucleus and the putamen is found.
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Electrical stimulation of the putamen and caudate nucleus elicits the same sequence of rotatory movements and accompanying reactions in alert cats. Some types of rotations, however, are more difficult to trigger from the putamen whereas the side--effects are rather facilitated in general. The neuroleptic drug haloperidol weakens the putamen--induced contralateral turning of the head whereas thresholds of the caudate--induced responses tend to reduce. Different dopaminergic organization of the neostriatal nuclei may be the cause of the variations.
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Dopaminergic pathways
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