Expression of homeobox genes in the mouse olfactory epithelium
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Abstract:
Homeobox genes constitute a large family of genes widely studied because of their role in the establishment of the body pattern. However, they are also involved in many other events during development and adulthood. The main olfactory epithelium (MOE) is an excellent model to study neurogenesis in the adult nervous system. Analyses of homeobox genes during development show that some of these genes are involved in the formation and establishment of cell diversity in the MOE. Moreover, the mechanisms of expression of odorant receptors (ORs) constitute one of the biggest enigmas in the field. Analyses of OR promoters revealed the presence of homeodomain binding sites in their sequences. Here we characterize the expression patterns of a set of 49 homeobox genes in the MOE with in situ hybridization. We found that seven of them (Dlx3, Dlx5, Dlx6, Msx1, Meis1, Isl1, and Pitx1) are zonally expressed. The homeobox gene Emx1 is expressed in three guanylate cyclase(+) populations, two located in the MOE and the third one in an olfactory subsystem known as Grüneberg ganglion located at the entrance of the nasal cavity. The homeobox gene Tshz1 is expressed in a unique patchy pattern across the MOE. Our findings provide new insights to guide functional studies that aim to understand the complexity of transcription factor expression and gene regulation in the MOE. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2713-2739, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Keywords:
DLX5
Homeobox A1
CDX2
Homeobox protein Nkx-2.5
HNF1B
PAX6
Homeobox A1
Homeobox protein Nkx-2.5
CDX2
HNF1B
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Forebrain development in vertebrates is regulated by transcription factors encoded by homeobox, bHLH and forkhead gene families throughout the progressive and overlapping stages of neural induction and patterning, regional specification and generation of neurons and glia from central nervous system (CNS) progenitor cells. Moreover, cell fate decisions, differentiation and migration of these committed CNS progenitors are controlled by the gene regulatory networks that are regulated by various homeodomain-containing transcription factors, including but not limited to those of the
Homeobox A1
Forebrain
HNF1B
Homeobox protein Nkx-2.5
EMX2
DLX5
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Homeobox genes constitute a large family of genes widely studied because of their role in the establishment of the body pattern. However, they are also involved in many other events during development and adulthood. The main olfactory epithelium (MOE) is an excellent model to study neurogenesis in the adult nervous system. Analyses of homeobox genes during development show that some of these genes are involved in the formation and establishment of cell diversity in the MOE. Moreover, the mechanisms of expression of odorant receptors (ORs) constitute one of the biggest enigmas in the field. Analyses of OR promoters revealed the presence of homeodomain binding sites in their sequences. Here we characterize the expression patterns of a set of 49 homeobox genes in the MOE with in situ hybridization. We found that seven of them (Dlx3, Dlx5, Dlx6, Msx1, Meis1, Isl1, and Pitx1) are zonally expressed. The homeobox gene Emx1 is expressed in three guanylate cyclase(+) populations, two located in the MOE and the third one in an olfactory subsystem known as Grüneberg ganglion located at the entrance of the nasal cavity. The homeobox gene Tshz1 is expressed in a unique patchy pattern across the MOE. Our findings provide new insights to guide functional studies that aim to understand the complexity of transcription factor expression and gene regulation in the MOE. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2713-2739, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
DLX5
Homeobox A1
CDX2
Homeobox protein Nkx-2.5
HNF1B
PAX6
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Homeobox A1
HNF1B
DLX5
Homeobox protein Nkx-2.5
EMX2
CDX2
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Foregut
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Homeobox protein Nkx-2.5
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Homeobox genes are regulatory genes encoding nuclear proteins that act as transcription factors, regulating aspects of morphogenesis and cell differentiation during normal embryonic development of several animals. Vertebrate homeobox genes can be divided in two subfamilies: clustered, or HOX genes, and nonclustered, or divergent, homeobox genes. During the last decades, several homeobox genes, clustered and nonclustered ones, were identified in normal tissue, in malignant cells, and in different diseases and metabolic alterations. Homeobox genes are involved in the normal teeth development and in familial teeth agenesis. Normal development and cancer have a great deal in common, as both processes involve shifts between cell proliferation and differentiation. The literature is accumulating evidences that homeobox genes play an important role in oncogenesis. Many cancers exhibit expression of or alteration in homeobox genes. Those include leukemias, colon, skin, prostate, breast and ovarian cancers, among others. This review is aimed at introducing readers to some of the homeobox family functions in normal tissues and especially in cancer.
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Homeobox gene,with two subgroups-HOX gene and Para-HOX gene,plays a key role in embryonic development process as a conserved gene family;And for the past few years,more and more attention were payed on the relationship between the homeobox gene and tumor.This paper focus on the role of the homeobox gene in gastrointestinal development and tumorigenesis.
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Homeodomain proteins are encoded by homeobox genes and regulate development and differentiation in many neuronal systems. The mouse vomeronasal organ (VNO) generates in situ mature chemosensory neurons from stem cells. The roles of homeodomain proteins in neuronal differentiation in the VNO are poorly understood. Here we have characterized the expression patterns of 28 homeobox genes in the VNO of C57BL/6 mice at postnatal stages using multicolor fluorescent in situ hybridization. We identified 11 homeobox genes (Dlx3, Dlx4, Emx2, Lhx2, Meis1, Pbx3, Pknox2, Pou6f1, Tshz2, Zhx1, Zhx3) that were expressed exclusively in neurons; 4 homeobox genes (Pax6, Six1, Tgif1, Zfhx3) that were expressed in all non-neuronal cell populations, with Pax6, Six1 and Tgif1 also expressed in some neuronal progenitors and precursors; 12 homeobox genes (Adnp, Cux1, Dlx5, Dlx6, Meis2, Pbx2, Pknox1, Pou2f1, Satb1, Tshz1, Tshz3, Zhx2) with expression in both neuronal and non-neuronal cell populations; and one homeobox gene (Hopx) that was exclusively expressed in the non-sensory epithelium. We studied further in detail the expression of Emx2, Lhx2, Meis1, and Meis2. We found that expression of Emx2 and Lhx2 initiated between neuronal progenitor and neuronal precursor stages. As far as the sensory neurons of the VNO are concerned, Meis1 and Meis2 were only expressed in the apical layer, together with Gnai2, but not in the basal layer.
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The homeobox genes of Drosophila perform key functions in embryonic pattern formation, and their vertebrate counterparts may play similar developmental roles. Using polymerase chain reaction technology, we have identified four murine homologs of the Drosophila Distal-less homeobox gene that are expressed in midgestation embryos. The homeodomains encoded by these genes vary considerably from other known homeodomain sequences and represent a new family of vertebrate homeobox genes. We isolated a cDNA for one of these genes (Dlx-2) and studied its expression by in situ hybridization from 8.5 days postcoitum (pc) until postnatal day 1. Dlx-2 shows a restricted pattern of expression in the ventral forebrain, extending from the olfactory bulb to the ventral diencephalon. This domain of expression may delineate an ontogenetically defined subdivision within the forebrain. The murine Distal-less genes are the first homeobox genes described whose expression in the central nervous system is exclusively restricted to the forebrain. Thus, the Distal-less genes may contribute missing positional cues not provided by the previously identified vertebrate homeobox genes.
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CDX2 is a Drosophila caudal-related homeobox transcription factor which is a new found specific nuclear factor(NF) belonging to the family of drosophila caudal-related homeobox gene.It not only controls the development and differentiation of embryonic cell,but also plays an important role in regulating the differentiation and proliferation of adult tissue.Recent studies found that CDX2 gene had expression in many tissues,such as digestive tract,genitourinary tracts,,head and neck.and so on.This article reviews the progress of CDX2 gene.
CDX2
Homeobox A1
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EMX2
Homeobox protein Nkx-2.5
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